Context Clues in One-Blank Sentences - PSAT Critical Reading

Yes indeed, the heart is "cardiac"—the only "cardiac" (associated with the heart) organ in the body. This is not very informative. The same goes for "internal." The sentence clearly wants to set up an opposition between the gallbladder and the heart. You can tell this by the use of the word "although." The gallbladder is not _absolutely necessary—_you can live without it. The implication is that the heart is necessary. Something is "vital" when it has such necessity, particularly for living. (The word comes from Latin roots related to "life.")

Often, the best approach to a sentence is to try to "fill in the blank" yourself. For this question, consider the fact that the two halves are contrasted. The gadget appeared to be one, single machine. In fact, it actually was "made up" of a number of interrelated ones. The idea is that it was a group of machines, gathered together and interrelated. When you compound things, you mix together (and generally connect) various elements. To "confound" is to cause confusion—don't be confused by this expression of confusion! The other options are likewise quite inappropriate for the purposes of this sentence.

The contrast here is between the types of style under discussion. In the introductory clause, we are discussing Flavia’s ability to write "verse"—poetry. The passage implies that she also had an excellent “non-poetic” style. Prose writing is non-metered writing, and this is the best contrast to “metered verse.” “Writing” is too general, “didactic” means for teaching purposes, and even “essay” does not contrast to “meter” as directly as the word “prose" does.

The main clue in this sentence is “no matter how small it might be.” The implication is that Scott’s gift was not very large, but it was nevertheless appreciated by the museum. When something is “substantial,” it is either of great importance or at least existing in a great amount. “Substance” can mean “matter” (as in “two chemical substances”) and it denotes a certain fixity as well. Thus, a “substantial” thing is important, like the solidity of matter (after a manner of speaking at least).

When something is “lucid” it is clear and bright—like light. Indeed, the word comes from the Latin word for light, which is found in other words like "translucent" and "pellucid." To say that something is “labyrinthine” is to say that it is like a maze. The implication is that Hegel’s writing style is as difficult to read as a maze is to navigate. In contrast to this, Sokolowski’s style must have been clear—that is, it was "lucid."

The key word here is “imprecision.” The “im-” prefix is privative, meaning not. Something "imprecise" is hazy or vague. While it might be tempting to think that the young man liked showing that people were stupid (i.e. "fatuous") or even "rustic" or "imprudent," the best option is the one most closely matching “imprecision,” and that option is “vague.”

The contrast in this sentence is between the “simpler and poorer” conditions of the brothers’ childhood and that of Gilbert’s brother today. Indigence and destitution are extreme poverty, so these options are not at all opposite. While stereotypes might tempt us to think of the rich as being "arrogant," we must not go beyond the direct meaning of the sentence. “Posh” describes a luxurious manner of living, and this well contrasts with the brothers’ upbringing.

The contrast in this sentence is between one god and many gods. Our blank is not necessarily about ancient legends. Indeed, it makes little sense to speak of “corporeal” (bodily) stories. The word “deity” means god or god-like being. Words like “deify” (to make into a god) or “theology” (the study of god) are related to “deity.” Therefore, the sentence is speaking of our ancestors believing in many gods—or, many “deities."

The two key descriptors used in this sentence are “exhibit self-motion” and “not found in lifeless beings.” To be “life-filled” and to be “self-moving” is to be “animated.” The word “animated” actually comes from the Latin "anima," meaning soul. We often use the word to describe moving cartoons or perhaps someone who is very active in expressing himself or herself—as in, “He discussed the topic in an animated manner, flailing his hands about in excitement.”

The seriousness of the violations (multiple elements), and the sense of the violation, lead to a need for a word indicating seriousness and even extremity. "Just," "evenhanded," and "fair" are too positive, while "minor" does not convey the seriousness meant by the sentence.

The key word in this sentence is "plane." That simple context should lead you instantly to "hangar," which has the specific meaning of a building that houses planes.

The most important part of the sentence for finding the correct answer is the fact that the missing word bears little relation to the plot. The correct answer should indicate some kind of diversion from the main thrust of the novel. Of the answer choices, only "tangents," meaning unrelated diversions from the subject, has the appropriate sense.

An “arabesque” style painting is one with flowing lines. The word does indeed mean Arab-like (-esque), for it was believed to be derived in the West from Arab styles of art (which under Islamic influence would have lacked pictorial representation). The actual sources for such art are more complex, related to earlier Greek and Roman forms of ornamentation.

The people were brought into an entry room, which could be considered as the “fore-room” to the main meeting area. Such an area is called an “antechamber” because it comes before (=ante) the main chamber or room. The prefix “ante-” can be found in words like “anterior,” “antecedent,” and “antebellum;” (the last meaning _before a / the war—_often the American Civil War in our usage in the United States).

If two living things live together and (at least in a sense or to a degree) require each other for life, they have a “symbiotic” relationship. (It is possible to use the word merely to mean that they live in close proximity, though general usage often implies the advantageous nature of the relationship). The word comes from Greek roots. “Sym” (or “syn”) means together or “same” and is found in English words like “synonym,” “sympathy,” and “synagogue.” The “-biotic” portion comes from a root word meaning life, found in words like “biology,” “biopsy,” and “biography.”

If something is “anachronistic,” it does not really belong in its given time period. Sometimes, the adjective can merely mean that something is old-fashioned, but it often is used to indicate the situation when someone describes something in one time period according to the customs or historical contingencies of another period. The prefix “ana-” comes from the Greek preposition meaning “backward” (among other things). The familiar “-chronistic” comes from the Greek word for time and has familiar English derivatives (such as “chronological”).

The word “opus” is directly derived from the Latin word for work, and while its English usage often implies a musical work, it can more broadly indicate any artistic work, particularly one that is very large and involved. The word “opus” in Latin has a forms containing the base “oper-”, found in English words like “opera” and “operate.”

The key expression here is “focusing on every word . . .” This gives the sense of paying close attention to each word in the articles. The word “scrutinize” means to examine or inspect thoroughly, which captures this sense.

In contrast to the other words given as possible answers, being “despondent” implies lack of hope—not merely disappointment or emotional detachment. This is called for by the key phrase, “to the point of no longer hoping for . . .”