Immune Proteins and Signals - MCAT Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems
Card 1 of 56
Which toll-like receptor (TLR) recognizes single-stranded RNA?
Which toll-like receptor (TLR) recognizes single-stranded RNA?
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TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNA while TLR9 recognizes DNA, TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria, TLR5 recognizes flagellin, and TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA.
TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNA while TLR9 recognizes DNA, TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria, TLR5 recognizes flagellin, and TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA.
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Major histocompatibility complex 1 (MHC-I) presents antigen to which T cell subclass?
Major histocompatibility complex 1 (MHC-I) presents antigen to which T cell subclass?
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MHC-I on antigen-presenting cells (such as dendritic cells and macrophages) presents antigen to CD8+ T cells. MHC-II presents antigen to CD4+ T cells.
MHC-I on antigen-presenting cells (such as dendritic cells and macrophages) presents antigen to CD8+ T cells. MHC-II presents antigen to CD4+ T cells.
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Naive T cells need to be initially presented with antigen in order to be activated. Which cell type is involved with this initial presentation?
Naive T cells need to be initially presented with antigen in order to be activated. Which cell type is involved with this initial presentation?
Tap to reveal answer
Out of all of the possible choices, only dendritic cells can process and present antigen to T cells. B cells and macrophages are other possible cell types that can be antigen-presenting cells.
Out of all of the possible choices, only dendritic cells can process and present antigen to T cells. B cells and macrophages are other possible cell types that can be antigen-presenting cells.
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In what part of the body do T cells undergo maturation?
In what part of the body do T cells undergo maturation?
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T cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus where they undergo maturation.
T cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus where they undergo maturation.
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The mechanisms of antibody-mediated antigen disposal occur in the what order?
The mechanisms of antibody-mediated antigen disposal occur in the what order?
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The mechanisms of antibody-mediated antigen disposal occur in the order of neutralization, agglutination, and opsonization. During the process of neutralization, antibodies block pathogenic activity. During agglutination, antibody molecules aggregate multiple pathogens. Finally, during opsonization phagocytes engulf pathogens bound to antibodies.
The mechanisms of antibody-mediated antigen disposal occur in the order of neutralization, agglutination, and opsonization. During the process of neutralization, antibodies block pathogenic activity. During agglutination, antibody molecules aggregate multiple pathogens. Finally, during opsonization phagocytes engulf pathogens bound to antibodies.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
The complement system consists of plasma proteins that can directly or indirectly be activated by foreign pathogens. This leads to the induction of a signaling cascade of reactions that occurs on the surface of the pathogens, which leads to different effector functions including opsonization and neutralization. Deficiencies in different components of complement has been linked to an increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Which of the following would be the most likely scenario regarding how a complement deficiency would result in an increased risk of developing autoimmunity?
The complement system consists of plasma proteins that can directly or indirectly be activated by foreign pathogens. This leads to the induction of a signaling cascade of reactions that occurs on the surface of the pathogens, which leads to different effector functions including opsonization and neutralization. Deficiencies in different components of complement has been linked to an increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Which of the following would be the most likely scenario regarding how a complement deficiency would result in an increased risk of developing autoimmunity?
Tap to reveal answer
The complement system is able to protect against immune responses to autoantigens through the elimination of lymphocytes that are reactive against self antigens. Complement proteins are able to coat self antigens from apoptotic cells and deliver them to developing B cells (through binding to the B cell's complement receptors) and enhancing negative selection. A defective complement system increases the amount of self-antigen present, which can lead to increased chances of binding to autoreactive lymphocytes.
The complement system is able to protect against immune responses to autoantigens through the elimination of lymphocytes that are reactive against self antigens. Complement proteins are able to coat self antigens from apoptotic cells and deliver them to developing B cells (through binding to the B cell's complement receptors) and enhancing negative selection. A defective complement system increases the amount of self-antigen present, which can lead to increased chances of binding to autoreactive lymphocytes.
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Toll like receptors (TLR's) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP's) on different pathogens and induce an immune response against the foreign pathogen. Numerous immune cell types express TLR's, including antigen-presenting cells and natural killer cells. TLR's play a critical role in the recognition and induction of the immune response against viruses.
A person that has a decreased inherent ability to detect RNA viruses such as influenza and hepatitis would presumably have a defect in which specific TLR?
Toll like receptors (TLR's) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP's) on different pathogens and induce an immune response against the foreign pathogen. Numerous immune cell types express TLR's, including antigen-presenting cells and natural killer cells. TLR's play a critical role in the recognition and induction of the immune response against viruses.
A person that has a decreased inherent ability to detect RNA viruses such as influenza and hepatitis would presumably have a defect in which specific TLR?
Tap to reveal answer
TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNA. TLR9 recognizes DNA, TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharide, TLR2 recognizes different bacterial components, TLR5 recognizes flagellin.
TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNA. TLR9 recognizes DNA, TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharide, TLR2 recognizes different bacterial components, TLR5 recognizes flagellin.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which toll-like receptor (TLR) recognizes single-stranded RNA?
Which toll-like receptor (TLR) recognizes single-stranded RNA?
Tap to reveal answer
TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNA while TLR9 recognizes DNA, TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria, TLR5 recognizes flagellin, and TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA.
TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNA while TLR9 recognizes DNA, TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria, TLR5 recognizes flagellin, and TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Major histocompatibility complex 1 (MHC-I) presents antigen to which T cell subclass?
Major histocompatibility complex 1 (MHC-I) presents antigen to which T cell subclass?
Tap to reveal answer
MHC-I on antigen-presenting cells (such as dendritic cells and macrophages) presents antigen to CD8+ T cells. MHC-II presents antigen to CD4+ T cells.
MHC-I on antigen-presenting cells (such as dendritic cells and macrophages) presents antigen to CD8+ T cells. MHC-II presents antigen to CD4+ T cells.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Naive T cells need to be initially presented with antigen in order to be activated. Which cell type is involved with this initial presentation?
Naive T cells need to be initially presented with antigen in order to be activated. Which cell type is involved with this initial presentation?
Tap to reveal answer
Out of all of the possible choices, only dendritic cells can process and present antigen to T cells. B cells and macrophages are other possible cell types that can be antigen-presenting cells.
Out of all of the possible choices, only dendritic cells can process and present antigen to T cells. B cells and macrophages are other possible cell types that can be antigen-presenting cells.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
In what part of the body do T cells undergo maturation?
In what part of the body do T cells undergo maturation?
Tap to reveal answer
T cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus where they undergo maturation.
T cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus where they undergo maturation.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
The mechanisms of antibody-mediated antigen disposal occur in the what order?
The mechanisms of antibody-mediated antigen disposal occur in the what order?
Tap to reveal answer
The mechanisms of antibody-mediated antigen disposal occur in the order of neutralization, agglutination, and opsonization. During the process of neutralization, antibodies block pathogenic activity. During agglutination, antibody molecules aggregate multiple pathogens. Finally, during opsonization phagocytes engulf pathogens bound to antibodies.
The mechanisms of antibody-mediated antigen disposal occur in the order of neutralization, agglutination, and opsonization. During the process of neutralization, antibodies block pathogenic activity. During agglutination, antibody molecules aggregate multiple pathogens. Finally, during opsonization phagocytes engulf pathogens bound to antibodies.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
The complement system consists of plasma proteins that can directly or indirectly be activated by foreign pathogens. This leads to the induction of a signaling cascade of reactions that occurs on the surface of the pathogens, which leads to different effector functions including opsonization and neutralization. Deficiencies in different components of complement has been linked to an increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Which of the following would be the most likely scenario regarding how a complement deficiency would result in an increased risk of developing autoimmunity?
The complement system consists of plasma proteins that can directly or indirectly be activated by foreign pathogens. This leads to the induction of a signaling cascade of reactions that occurs on the surface of the pathogens, which leads to different effector functions including opsonization and neutralization. Deficiencies in different components of complement has been linked to an increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Which of the following would be the most likely scenario regarding how a complement deficiency would result in an increased risk of developing autoimmunity?
Tap to reveal answer
The complement system is able to protect against immune responses to autoantigens through the elimination of lymphocytes that are reactive against self antigens. Complement proteins are able to coat self antigens from apoptotic cells and deliver them to developing B cells (through binding to the B cell's complement receptors) and enhancing negative selection. A defective complement system increases the amount of self-antigen present, which can lead to increased chances of binding to autoreactive lymphocytes.
The complement system is able to protect against immune responses to autoantigens through the elimination of lymphocytes that are reactive against self antigens. Complement proteins are able to coat self antigens from apoptotic cells and deliver them to developing B cells (through binding to the B cell's complement receptors) and enhancing negative selection. A defective complement system increases the amount of self-antigen present, which can lead to increased chances of binding to autoreactive lymphocytes.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Toll like receptors (TLR's) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP's) on different pathogens and induce an immune response against the foreign pathogen. Numerous immune cell types express TLR's, including antigen-presenting cells and natural killer cells. TLR's play a critical role in the recognition and induction of the immune response against viruses.
A person that has a decreased inherent ability to detect RNA viruses such as influenza and hepatitis would presumably have a defect in which specific TLR?
Toll like receptors (TLR's) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP's) on different pathogens and induce an immune response against the foreign pathogen. Numerous immune cell types express TLR's, including antigen-presenting cells and natural killer cells. TLR's play a critical role in the recognition and induction of the immune response against viruses.
A person that has a decreased inherent ability to detect RNA viruses such as influenza and hepatitis would presumably have a defect in which specific TLR?
Tap to reveal answer
TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNA. TLR9 recognizes DNA, TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharide, TLR2 recognizes different bacterial components, TLR5 recognizes flagellin.
TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNA. TLR9 recognizes DNA, TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharide, TLR2 recognizes different bacterial components, TLR5 recognizes flagellin.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
In what part of the body do T cells undergo maturation?
In what part of the body do T cells undergo maturation?
Tap to reveal answer
T cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus where they undergo maturation.
T cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus where they undergo maturation.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
The mechanisms of antibody-mediated antigen disposal occur in the what order?
The mechanisms of antibody-mediated antigen disposal occur in the what order?
Tap to reveal answer
The mechanisms of antibody-mediated antigen disposal occur in the order of neutralization, agglutination, and opsonization. During the process of neutralization, antibodies block pathogenic activity. During agglutination, antibody molecules aggregate multiple pathogens. Finally, during opsonization phagocytes engulf pathogens bound to antibodies.
The mechanisms of antibody-mediated antigen disposal occur in the order of neutralization, agglutination, and opsonization. During the process of neutralization, antibodies block pathogenic activity. During agglutination, antibody molecules aggregate multiple pathogens. Finally, during opsonization phagocytes engulf pathogens bound to antibodies.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which toll-like receptor (TLR) recognizes single-stranded RNA?
Which toll-like receptor (TLR) recognizes single-stranded RNA?
Tap to reveal answer
TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNA while TLR9 recognizes DNA, TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria, TLR5 recognizes flagellin, and TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA.
TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNA while TLR9 recognizes DNA, TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria, TLR5 recognizes flagellin, and TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Major histocompatibility complex 1 (MHC-I) presents antigen to which T cell subclass?
Major histocompatibility complex 1 (MHC-I) presents antigen to which T cell subclass?
Tap to reveal answer
MHC-I on antigen-presenting cells (such as dendritic cells and macrophages) presents antigen to CD8+ T cells. MHC-II presents antigen to CD4+ T cells.
MHC-I on antigen-presenting cells (such as dendritic cells and macrophages) presents antigen to CD8+ T cells. MHC-II presents antigen to CD4+ T cells.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Naive T cells need to be initially presented with antigen in order to be activated. Which cell type is involved with this initial presentation?
Naive T cells need to be initially presented with antigen in order to be activated. Which cell type is involved with this initial presentation?
Tap to reveal answer
Out of all of the possible choices, only dendritic cells can process and present antigen to T cells. B cells and macrophages are other possible cell types that can be antigen-presenting cells.
Out of all of the possible choices, only dendritic cells can process and present antigen to T cells. B cells and macrophages are other possible cell types that can be antigen-presenting cells.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
The complement system consists of plasma proteins that can directly or indirectly be activated by foreign pathogens. This leads to the induction of a signaling cascade of reactions that occurs on the surface of the pathogens, which leads to different effector functions including opsonization and neutralization. Deficiencies in different components of complement has been linked to an increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Which of the following would be the most likely scenario regarding how a complement deficiency would result in an increased risk of developing autoimmunity?
The complement system consists of plasma proteins that can directly or indirectly be activated by foreign pathogens. This leads to the induction of a signaling cascade of reactions that occurs on the surface of the pathogens, which leads to different effector functions including opsonization and neutralization. Deficiencies in different components of complement has been linked to an increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Which of the following would be the most likely scenario regarding how a complement deficiency would result in an increased risk of developing autoimmunity?
Tap to reveal answer
The complement system is able to protect against immune responses to autoantigens through the elimination of lymphocytes that are reactive against self antigens. Complement proteins are able to coat self antigens from apoptotic cells and deliver them to developing B cells (through binding to the B cell's complement receptors) and enhancing negative selection. A defective complement system increases the amount of self-antigen present, which can lead to increased chances of binding to autoreactive lymphocytes.
The complement system is able to protect against immune responses to autoantigens through the elimination of lymphocytes that are reactive against self antigens. Complement proteins are able to coat self antigens from apoptotic cells and deliver them to developing B cells (through binding to the B cell's complement receptors) and enhancing negative selection. A defective complement system increases the amount of self-antigen present, which can lead to increased chances of binding to autoreactive lymphocytes.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →