Genetics - Genetics
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If a cell senses a harmful mutation and ultimately decides to undergo apoptosis, which signal will the cell release which is a pro-apoptotic factor?
If a cell senses a harmful mutation and ultimately decides to undergo apoptosis, which signal will the cell release which is a pro-apoptotic factor?
BAX is pro- apoptotic along with BID. BAK, BAD. Bcl-2, Bcl-XI, Mcl-1 are all anti-apoptotic. This is important in the mitochondrial death pathways.
BAX is pro- apoptotic along with BID. BAK, BAD. Bcl-2, Bcl-XI, Mcl-1 are all anti-apoptotic. This is important in the mitochondrial death pathways.
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RNA primers are removed by which of the following exonucleases?
RNA primers are removed by which of the following exonucleases?
5'-3' exonuclease removal of primers by DNA polymerase I.
DNA polymerase I is prokaryotic only, it degrades RNA primer and fills in the gap with DNA.
5'-3' exonuclease removal of primers by DNA polymerase I.
DNA polymerase I is prokaryotic only, it degrades RNA primer and fills in the gap with DNA.
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Which DNA repair mechanism removes DNA damage caused by ultraviolet light?
Which DNA repair mechanism removes DNA damage caused by ultraviolet light?
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is used to repair thymine dimers, which are caused by ultraviolet damage. It also repairs bulky DNA adducts caused by carcinogens.
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is used to repair thymine dimers, which are caused by ultraviolet damage. It also repairs bulky DNA adducts caused by carcinogens.
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The genetic code of an organism is determined by .
The genetic code of an organism is determined by .
An important concept of genetics is that DNA contains the blueprint of all genetic information. It is the sequence of DNA that determines an organism's genetic code.
An important concept of genetics is that DNA contains the blueprint of all genetic information. It is the sequence of DNA that determines an organism's genetic code.
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What differentiates mRNA from pre-mRNA?
What differentiates mRNA from pre-mRNA?
All of the choices are correct. During processing of mRNA, the introns are removed and the exons are retained during splicing. A 5' guanosine cap and a 3' poly-A-tail is also inserted.
All of the choices are correct. During processing of mRNA, the introns are removed and the exons are retained during splicing. A 5' guanosine cap and a 3' poly-A-tail is also inserted.
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If a blue zebra (genotype of Bb) mates with a pink zebra (genotype of bb), what will be the possible gametes of the blue zebra and what will be the possible gametes of the pink zebra?
If a blue zebra (genotype of Bb) mates with a pink zebra (genotype of bb), what will be the possible gametes of the blue zebra and what will be the possible gametes of the pink zebra?
Gametes contain half the genetic information as other cells in the body. If the genotype for the blue zebra is Bb, this means that half the genetic information for this phenotype of color would be a gamete containing B or a gamete containing b. Similarly, the possible gametes for the pink zebra with genotype bb would be b or b.
Gametes contain half the genetic information as other cells in the body. If the genotype for the blue zebra is Bb, this means that half the genetic information for this phenotype of color would be a gamete containing B or a gamete containing b. Similarly, the possible gametes for the pink zebra with genotype bb would be b or b.
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If a green horse (genotype of Gg) mates with a yellow horse (genotype of gg), what will the phenotype and phenotypic ratio of the offspring be?
If a green horse (genotype of Gg) mates with a yellow horse (genotype of gg), what will the phenotype and phenotypic ratio of the offspring be?
In order to find the phenotypic ratio, it is first necessary to find the genotypes of the offspring. This is done by doing a Punnett square, as shown in linked photo.
In order to find the phenotypic ratio, it is first necessary to find the genotypes of the offspring. This is done by doing a Punnett square, as shown in linked photo.
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A diagram that depicts a human's genetic information with chromosome pairs is called a .
A diagram that depicts a human's genetic information with chromosome pairs is called a .
A karyotype is a diagram that depicts all 23 pairs of chromosomes by showing their shapes relative to one another. The process of karyotyping involves examining chromosomes to identify any genetic problems that could result in a disorder or disease.
A karyotype is a diagram that depicts all 23 pairs of chromosomes by showing their shapes relative to one another. The process of karyotyping involves examining chromosomes to identify any genetic problems that could result in a disorder or disease.
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Which of the following describes a centromere?
Which of the following describes a centromere?
The correct answer here is the fiber connecting the chromosomes in the initial stages of mitosis. Remember that during mitosis, 1 pair of chromosomes becomes 2 new pairs. This requires the pair to split initially, duplicate, then break off into the new cells. The last stage of cell division is called anaphase, not a centromere. A centromere is the middle of a pair of chromosomes, not the individual chromosome. If you chose the daughter cell, remember that centromeres are not describing the new cell itself, but the connection between chromosomes inside the cell.
The correct answer here is the fiber connecting the chromosomes in the initial stages of mitosis. Remember that during mitosis, 1 pair of chromosomes becomes 2 new pairs. This requires the pair to split initially, duplicate, then break off into the new cells. The last stage of cell division is called anaphase, not a centromere. A centromere is the middle of a pair of chromosomes, not the individual chromosome. If you chose the daughter cell, remember that centromeres are not describing the new cell itself, but the connection between chromosomes inside the cell.
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What best describes spindle fibers?
What best describes spindle fibers?
The correct answer is that they are the fibers that help move the chromosomes towards a certain side of the cell during mitosis. If you chose the option about connecting a pair of chromosomes, remember that this is called a centromere and is also vital in mitosis. If you chose that the spindle fibers are only necessary in meiosis, remember that even in mitosis, fibers are needed to separate the individual chromosomes to form a new cell. Fibers do not act as the primer in RNA production
The correct answer is that they are the fibers that help move the chromosomes towards a certain side of the cell during mitosis. If you chose the option about connecting a pair of chromosomes, remember that this is called a centromere and is also vital in mitosis. If you chose that the spindle fibers are only necessary in meiosis, remember that even in mitosis, fibers are needed to separate the individual chromosomes to form a new cell. Fibers do not act as the primer in RNA production
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How are gametes produced?
How are gametes produced?
The correct answer here is meiosis. Some of the options look challenging because you could assume RNA or DNA replication would result in gametes. However, the term gamete singularly refers to a sex-germ cell that is the direct result of meiosis. We can cancel out mitosis because that is specifically to replicate non sex related cells.
The correct answer here is meiosis. Some of the options look challenging because you could assume RNA or DNA replication would result in gametes. However, the term gamete singularly refers to a sex-germ cell that is the direct result of meiosis. We can cancel out mitosis because that is specifically to replicate non sex related cells.
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CDK (cyclin dependent kinase) levels , but activity level .
CDK (cyclin dependent kinase) levels , but activity level .
CDK levels remain relatively constant, but activity varies. Cyclin levels vary to which the CDKs must bind to become active. Also, the activity depends on cyclin levels, CDK inhibitors, and phosphorylation of CDKs.
CDK levels remain relatively constant, but activity varies. Cyclin levels vary to which the CDKs must bind to become active. Also, the activity depends on cyclin levels, CDK inhibitors, and phosphorylation of CDKs.
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Which is not a real cell cycle control checkpoint?
Which is not a real cell cycle control checkpoint?
G1 checkpoint acts as the restriction point where the cell commits to cell cycle entry. This phase needs favorable environment in order to function properly. The G2/M checkpoint involves chromosome alignment on spindle in metaphase. This process requires adequate size for mitosis entry. The S checkpoint includes DNA quality control looking for proper duplication.
G1 checkpoint acts as the restriction point where the cell commits to cell cycle entry. This phase needs favorable environment in order to function properly. The G2/M checkpoint involves chromosome alignment on spindle in metaphase. This process requires adequate size for mitosis entry. The S checkpoint includes DNA quality control looking for proper duplication.
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Failure to meet requirements of the checkpoint call result in all of the following except ?
Failure to meet requirements of the checkpoint call result in all of the following except ?
Failure to meet the checkpoint requirements may lead to delays from DNA damage, improper nutrients, or cell size. it may also lead to exiting the cell cycle and apoptosis (cell death). Necrosis is unprogrammed cell death, usually caused by inflammation, disease, or lack of oxygen/blood.
Failure to meet the checkpoint requirements may lead to delays from DNA damage, improper nutrients, or cell size. it may also lead to exiting the cell cycle and apoptosis (cell death). Necrosis is unprogrammed cell death, usually caused by inflammation, disease, or lack of oxygen/blood.
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What is the term for the repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes that promote formation of protein caps protecting chromosomes from DNA damage response?
What is the term for the repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes that promote formation of protein caps protecting chromosomes from DNA damage response?
Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes and they shorten which each division. Poly-a-tails are added to RNA at the end of transcription. 5' caps are nucleotides added to mRNA aiding in translation. The kinetichore is a protein structure on chromatids that allow spindle fiber attachment.
Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes and they shorten which each division. Poly-a-tails are added to RNA at the end of transcription. 5' caps are nucleotides added to mRNA aiding in translation. The kinetichore is a protein structure on chromatids that allow spindle fiber attachment.
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Mutations in genes encoding cell cycle regulatory components may contribute to all of the following except ?
Mutations in genes encoding cell cycle regulatory components may contribute to all of the following except ?
Mutations can lead to lack of regulation, which overall, leads to genomic instability providing opportunities for uncontrolled growth — for example, cancer from the loss of cell cycle control. Proto oncogenes are normal genes that promote and regulate cell growth. Mutations to the proto oncogene itself could lead to oncogenes, which are cancer promoting.
Mutations can lead to lack of regulation, which overall, leads to genomic instability providing opportunities for uncontrolled growth — for example, cancer from the loss of cell cycle control. Proto oncogenes are normal genes that promote and regulate cell growth. Mutations to the proto oncogene itself could lead to oncogenes, which are cancer promoting.
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A is a normal gene that promotes regulated cell growth and proliferation, while a is a mutated or over expressed gene that promotes cancer.
A is a normal gene that promotes regulated cell growth and proliferation, while a is a mutated or over expressed gene that promotes cancer.
Proto oncogenes promote proteins via proliferation with regulation. Oncogenes promote cell proliferation without regulation, leading to genomic instability, which can lead to cancer. A mutagen is a physical or chemical substance that can increase the frequency of mutations. A carcinogen is a substance that is directly involved in causing cancer.
Proto oncogenes promote proteins via proliferation with regulation. Oncogenes promote cell proliferation without regulation, leading to genomic instability, which can lead to cancer. A mutagen is a physical or chemical substance that can increase the frequency of mutations. A carcinogen is a substance that is directly involved in causing cancer.
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p53 is a famous , which aids in blocking cell cycle progression and preventing cancer.
p53 is a famous , which aids in blocking cell cycle progression and preventing cancer.
p53 is a famous tumor suppressor, which blocks cell cycle progression preventing damaged/mutated DNA from being duplicated. Proto oncogenes are normal genes that regulate cell growth and proliferation. Oncogenes are mutated proto oncogenes that lead to unregulated cell proliferation. The checkpoints are in the S, G1, G2/M phases.
p53 is a famous tumor suppressor, which blocks cell cycle progression preventing damaged/mutated DNA from being duplicated. Proto oncogenes are normal genes that regulate cell growth and proliferation. Oncogenes are mutated proto oncogenes that lead to unregulated cell proliferation. The checkpoints are in the S, G1, G2/M phases.
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What is meant by the term "Karyokinesis"
What is meant by the term "Karyokinesis"
Karyokinesis is the division of the cell's nucleus during mitosis. A similar (but different meaning) word is cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is the division of the cell cytoplasm, which occurs at the end of mitosis. The other answer choices do not reflect the meaning of karyokinesis.
Karyokinesis is the division of the cell's nucleus during mitosis. A similar (but different meaning) word is cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is the division of the cell cytoplasm, which occurs at the end of mitosis. The other answer choices do not reflect the meaning of karyokinesis.
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What is the central dogma of biology?
What is the central dogma of biology?
The central dogma of biology is best described by DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is translated to protein. The genetic material (DNA) is transcribed into mRNA (RNA) which is than translated into proteins. The central dogma is an important principle in molecular biology, and it helps explain why DNA plays such an important role in genetic expression.
The central dogma of biology is best described by DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is translated to protein. The genetic material (DNA) is transcribed into mRNA (RNA) which is than translated into proteins. The central dogma is an important principle in molecular biology, and it helps explain why DNA plays such an important role in genetic expression.
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