Religious Thought - AP European History
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For what reason did Catholics purchase indulgences?
For what reason did Catholics purchase indulgences?
Indulgences were sold throughout the medieval period in Europe by the Catholic church as a means to grant oneself forgiveness for sins or to gain forgiveness for someone who had died. The idea was the Catholic church was in charge of dispensing “merit” so that people could enter into heaven and that those who give financially to the church should benefit. They became extremely popular in 1517, when Pope Leo X sold indulgences to build a new St. Peter’s Basilica, as many people attempted to gain forgiveness. The selling of indulgences outraged Martin Luther, who mentioned them throughout his 95 Theses and fought against them as one of his main issues for reform. In 1567, the church outlawed the selling of indulgences.
Indulgences were sold throughout the medieval period in Europe by the Catholic church as a means to grant oneself forgiveness for sins or to gain forgiveness for someone who had died. The idea was the Catholic church was in charge of dispensing “merit” so that people could enter into heaven and that those who give financially to the church should benefit. They became extremely popular in 1517, when Pope Leo X sold indulgences to build a new St. Peter’s Basilica, as many people attempted to gain forgiveness. The selling of indulgences outraged Martin Luther, who mentioned them throughout his 95 Theses and fought against them as one of his main issues for reform. In 1567, the church outlawed the selling of indulgences.
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The Crusades embodied a violent struggle between .
The Crusades embodied a violent struggle between .
The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between Christian forces of Europe and Muslim armies of the Middle East. Most of the conflict took place over Middle Eastern territory considered sacred by both faiths. The other answers are incorrect because they refer to other historically opposing forces, several of which did not fight wars with each other.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between Christian forces of Europe and Muslim armies of the Middle East. Most of the conflict took place over Middle Eastern territory considered sacred by both faiths. The other answers are incorrect because they refer to other historically opposing forces, several of which did not fight wars with each other.
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Who wrote the 95 Theses as a challenge to the Catholic church's practice of indulgences?
Who wrote the 95 Theses as a challenge to the Catholic church's practice of indulgences?
Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses, in which he questioned and criticized many practices of the Catholic church, including indulgences (reduction of punishment for a sin), which many church members were abusing by commercializing the process. These questions would spark change resulting in the Protestant Reformation.
Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses, in which he questioned and criticized many practices of the Catholic church, including indulgences (reduction of punishment for a sin), which many church members were abusing by commercializing the process. These questions would spark change resulting in the Protestant Reformation.
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Which of the following wrote the Ninety-Five Theses and was a seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation?
Which of the following wrote the Ninety-Five Theses and was a seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation?
Thomas Aquinas was a renowned Catholic philosopher and lived before the Reformation, so he would not be the best answer. Martin Luther King, Jr. lived far after the Protestant Reformation, so he would not be a good answer here. Henry VIII lived during the Protestant Reformation and became the head of the church of England, but he did not publish the work in question, so he would not be the best choice. Finally, Martin Luther was an important figure in the Reformation and he published the work in question, so he would be the correct answer.
Thomas Aquinas was a renowned Catholic philosopher and lived before the Reformation, so he would not be the best answer. Martin Luther King, Jr. lived far after the Protestant Reformation, so he would not be a good answer here. Henry VIII lived during the Protestant Reformation and became the head of the church of England, but he did not publish the work in question, so he would not be the best choice. Finally, Martin Luther was an important figure in the Reformation and he published the work in question, so he would be the correct answer.
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What was the reformation?
What was the reformation?
The reformation was a 16th century cultural and religious upheaval that challenged the views of the Catholic Church and the Pope. At the time, the Catholic Church had enormous political and religious power. The reformers were angry about the corrupt practices of the church, such as selling indulgences (something that one pays for that reduces the amount of punishment one will have to undergo their sins) and believed that the bible, rather than the leaders of the Catholic church should be the ultimate authority. In 1517 Martin Luther nailed a list of “95 Theses” (complaints) on the door to Wittenberg Catholic Church, a document that would later become the basis of the Protestant reformation. Tensions continued to rise and bloody conflicts broke out all over Europe over different Christian sects and how to best worship god. These small wars culminated in the bloody 30 years’ war which killed somewhere between 25-40% of Germany’s population. The peace of Westphalia allowed freedom of religion for Christians, ended several land and independence disputes, and broke the political power of the Catholic Church. Many experts say that the Peace of Westphalia began the modern method of diplomacy.
The reformation was a 16th century cultural and religious upheaval that challenged the views of the Catholic Church and the Pope. At the time, the Catholic Church had enormous political and religious power. The reformers were angry about the corrupt practices of the church, such as selling indulgences (something that one pays for that reduces the amount of punishment one will have to undergo their sins) and believed that the bible, rather than the leaders of the Catholic church should be the ultimate authority. In 1517 Martin Luther nailed a list of “95 Theses” (complaints) on the door to Wittenberg Catholic Church, a document that would later become the basis of the Protestant reformation. Tensions continued to rise and bloody conflicts broke out all over Europe over different Christian sects and how to best worship god. These small wars culminated in the bloody 30 years’ war which killed somewhere between 25-40% of Germany’s population. The peace of Westphalia allowed freedom of religion for Christians, ended several land and independence disputes, and broke the political power of the Catholic Church. Many experts say that the Peace of Westphalia began the modern method of diplomacy.
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Which Reformation leader preached the doctrine of predestination?
Which Reformation leader preached the doctrine of predestination?
John Calvin was a prominent French theologian and pastor during the fourteenth century. He preached predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God in determining the fate of souls. His beliefs were a major influence on the branch of Protestantism commonly referred to as Calvinism.
John Calvin was a prominent French theologian and pastor during the fourteenth century. He preached predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God in determining the fate of souls. His beliefs were a major influence on the branch of Protestantism commonly referred to as Calvinism.
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Luther agreed with all of the following EXCEPT .
Luther agreed with all of the following EXCEPT .
All of these were early adopted tenets of Lutheranism except for predetermined salvation, more commonly called “predestination.” Predestination is a tenet of Calvinism that states that the fate of all men regarding their salvation or damnation is predetermined by God. It is a crucial tenet of Calvinism and one that separates from the vast majority of other denominations of Christianity.
All of these were early adopted tenets of Lutheranism except for predetermined salvation, more commonly called “predestination.” Predestination is a tenet of Calvinism that states that the fate of all men regarding their salvation or damnation is predetermined by God. It is a crucial tenet of Calvinism and one that separates from the vast majority of other denominations of Christianity.
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The peace following the Second Kappel Wars .
The peace following the Second Kappel Wars .
The peace at the end of the Second Kappel War allowed each Swiss canton (district) to determine its own religion. This allowed Protestantism to flourish in Switzerland, particularly in the cities of Zurich, Geneva, and Basle.
The peace at the end of the Second Kappel War allowed each Swiss canton (district) to determine its own religion. This allowed Protestantism to flourish in Switzerland, particularly in the cities of Zurich, Geneva, and Basle.
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In what ways did Anglicanism differ from other Protestant denominations?
I. It upheld the sacraments.
II. It maintained Catholic theology.
III. It believed in Predestination.
IV. It preached the imminent return of Jesus Christ.
In what ways did Anglicanism differ from other Protestant denominations?
I. It upheld the sacraments.
II. It maintained Catholic theology.
III. It believed in Predestination.
IV. It preached the imminent return of Jesus Christ.
The Church of England, also called Anglicanism, was founded for different reasons than the rest of the Protestant denominations. It was the will of one man, King Henry VIII, to rule without interference from the Pope that was the primary motivation behind its founding, rather than any doctrinal or philosophical disagreements. So, in Anglicanism, the sacraments were upheld and Catholic theology continued. The belief in Predestination is unique to Calvinism and the belief in the imminent return of Jesus Christ was adopted vehemently by the Millennials, but also loosely believed by most denominations at the time.
The Church of England, also called Anglicanism, was founded for different reasons than the rest of the Protestant denominations. It was the will of one man, King Henry VIII, to rule without interference from the Pope that was the primary motivation behind its founding, rather than any doctrinal or philosophical disagreements. So, in Anglicanism, the sacraments were upheld and Catholic theology continued. The belief in Predestination is unique to Calvinism and the belief in the imminent return of Jesus Christ was adopted vehemently by the Millennials, but also loosely believed by most denominations at the time.
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This religious order is sometimes referred to as “the militant arm of the Counter-Reformation”?
This religious order is sometimes referred to as “the militant arm of the Counter-Reformation”?
The Jesuits, also called The Society of Jesus, were founded by Ignatius Loyola in the early 1540s. Their stated goals were the preservation of Catholicism, the eradication of Protestantism, and the education of the young and the non-believers. They were actively engaged in the inquisition, as well as in missions to the New World and Asia.
The Jesuits, also called The Society of Jesus, were founded by Ignatius Loyola in the early 1540s. Their stated goals were the preservation of Catholicism, the eradication of Protestantism, and the education of the young and the non-believers. They were actively engaged in the inquisition, as well as in missions to the New World and Asia.
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Which of these denominations was most likely to encourage a theocratic government?
Which of these denominations was most likely to encourage a theocratic government?
In Catholicism, the Pope is the leader of spiritual matters in Europe, but he is not the secular ruler of those countries. In Anglicanism, the sovereign is the ruler of the church, but this is not theocracy. In Lutheranism, the church is subservient to the secular rulers; however, in Calvinism, particularly in Switzerland, the government and the religion are one and the same. The government is divinely ordained and governs according to religious law. This was the case, most prominently, in Geneva during the sixteenth century.
In Catholicism, the Pope is the leader of spiritual matters in Europe, but he is not the secular ruler of those countries. In Anglicanism, the sovereign is the ruler of the church, but this is not theocracy. In Lutheranism, the church is subservient to the secular rulers; however, in Calvinism, particularly in Switzerland, the government and the religion are one and the same. The government is divinely ordained and governs according to religious law. This was the case, most prominently, in Geneva during the sixteenth century.
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How did the Anabaptists differ from the rest of the denominations of Christianity during the Reformation years?
How did the Anabaptists differ from the rest of the denominations of Christianity during the Reformation years?
The Anabaptists differed from the other denominations of Christianity primarily because the Anabaptists practiced adult baptism. This was considered heretical and deeply sinful by the rest of Christendom and is one of the reasons why the rise of the Anabaptists was met with such wide reaching disdain and anger.
The Anabaptists differed from the other denominations of Christianity primarily because the Anabaptists practiced adult baptism. This was considered heretical and deeply sinful by the rest of Christendom and is one of the reasons why the rise of the Anabaptists was met with such wide reaching disdain and anger.
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Which of these religions provided a justification for the endless pursuit of wealth?
Which of these religions provided a justification for the endless pursuit of wealth?
In Calvinism, the fate of all humans is predetermined by God. You are either part of the “Elect” who are already saved, or you are not; however, one way to tell if you part of the “Elect” is if you are wealthy. It has been observed by many historians that the so-called “Protestant work ethic” is a result of the Calvinist emphasis on working hard and becoming wealthy as a sign that you are divinely blessed.
In Calvinism, the fate of all humans is predetermined by God. You are either part of the “Elect” who are already saved, or you are not; however, one way to tell if you part of the “Elect” is if you are wealthy. It has been observed by many historians that the so-called “Protestant work ethic” is a result of the Calvinist emphasis on working hard and becoming wealthy as a sign that you are divinely blessed.
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The Council of Trent was convened primarily .
The Council of Trent was convened primarily .
The Council of Trent was convened in the middle of the 1540s. Its purpose was to meet the threat of Protestantism around Europe and to define the tenets of Catholicism. The Council of Trent reaffirmed the seven sacraments and ruled that salvation was through faith and good works (e.g. venerating the saints and listening to the clergy).
The Council of Trent was convened in the middle of the 1540s. Its purpose was to meet the threat of Protestantism around Europe and to define the tenets of Catholicism. The Council of Trent reaffirmed the seven sacraments and ruled that salvation was through faith and good works (e.g. venerating the saints and listening to the clergy).
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Girolamo Savonarola is known for .
Girolamo Savonarola is known for .
Girolamo Savonarola was a Dominican friar who lived in Renaissance Florence and strongly preached against the secularization of Florentine culture in the arts and corruption among the clergy. The "Red Shirts" are associated with Giusseppe Garibaldi during the struggle to unify Italy in the 1850s, and Benito Mussolini lived almost 500 years after Savonarola.
Girolamo Savonarola was a Dominican friar who lived in Renaissance Florence and strongly preached against the secularization of Florentine culture in the arts and corruption among the clergy. The "Red Shirts" are associated with Giusseppe Garibaldi during the struggle to unify Italy in the 1850s, and Benito Mussolini lived almost 500 years after Savonarola.
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Which of the following concepts was NOT promoted by Martin Luther?
Which of the following concepts was NOT promoted by Martin Luther?
Martin Luther, in contrast to the Roman Catholic Church at that time, championed all of these ideas. In opposition to the idea of indulgences saving one's soul, Luther claimed that faith alone could do so. He opposed the idea that only the Pope and clergy could interpret scripture in favor of a more individualized approach. To facilitate this, he promoted the translation of the Latin Scriptures into the vernacular languages so that the common people could more readily access them.
Martin Luther, in contrast to the Roman Catholic Church at that time, championed all of these ideas. In opposition to the idea of indulgences saving one's soul, Luther claimed that faith alone could do so. He opposed the idea that only the Pope and clergy could interpret scripture in favor of a more individualized approach. To facilitate this, he promoted the translation of the Latin Scriptures into the vernacular languages so that the common people could more readily access them.
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Who wrote the 95 Theses, often considered a major catalyst of the Protestant Reformation?
Who wrote the 95 Theses, often considered a major catalyst of the Protestant Reformation?
Martin Luther, a German priest and theologian, wrote the 95 Theses in protest against many of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.
Martin Luther, a German priest and theologian, wrote the 95 Theses in protest against many of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Which thinker, explaining that Western society no longer had a divine standard that it held to, wrote the famous line, "God is dead?"
Which thinker, explaining that Western society no longer had a divine standard that it held to, wrote the famous line, "God is dead?"
It was Friedrich Nietzsche who wrote, in Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1891), that "God is dead." Nietzsche is considered massively influential in the development of atheist/agnostic philosophical schools of thought in the 20th century. Karl Marx is the intellectual father of a Marxist understanding of economics (sometimes incorrectly conflated with Communism). Baruch de Spinoza was a 17th century Enlightenment philosopher. Adam Smith was a Scottish Philosopher and considered an intellectual founder of market capitalism. Immanuel Kant was a German rationalist philosopher of the 18th century.
It was Friedrich Nietzsche who wrote, in Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1891), that "God is dead." Nietzsche is considered massively influential in the development of atheist/agnostic philosophical schools of thought in the 20th century. Karl Marx is the intellectual father of a Marxist understanding of economics (sometimes incorrectly conflated with Communism). Baruch de Spinoza was a 17th century Enlightenment philosopher. Adam Smith was a Scottish Philosopher and considered an intellectual founder of market capitalism. Immanuel Kant was a German rationalist philosopher of the 18th century.
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The Counter-Reformation included all of the following except .
The Counter-Reformation included all of the following except .
During the Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church responded to Martin Luther's critiques and the rise of Protestantism by clarifying their beliefs. Unlike Luther, the Catholic Church continued to believe that priests should not marry and should remain celibate.
During the Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church responded to Martin Luther's critiques and the rise of Protestantism by clarifying their beliefs. Unlike Luther, the Catholic Church continued to believe that priests should not marry and should remain celibate.
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Following the Union of Kreva which brought Poland and Lithuania together under one ruler, a major conflict arose between the two nations. What was the issue that caused this conflict?
Following the Union of Kreva which brought Poland and Lithuania together under one ruler, a major conflict arose between the two nations. What was the issue that caused this conflict?
Poland had largely converted to Catholicism over the course of the the 13th century, but at the time of the Union of Kreva in 1386 Lithuania was still largely a pagan nation. With the two nations joined under one royal family, and the Lithuanian Grand Duke converting to Catholicism as part of the marriage, conflict over what religion the people of Lithuania would partake in caused much conflict.
Poland had largely converted to Catholicism over the course of the the 13th century, but at the time of the Union of Kreva in 1386 Lithuania was still largely a pagan nation. With the two nations joined under one royal family, and the Lithuanian Grand Duke converting to Catholicism as part of the marriage, conflict over what religion the people of Lithuania would partake in caused much conflict.
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