Writing Standards: Integrating and Citing Sources Effectively (CCSS.W.11-12.8) Practice Test

Research question: What is the impact of carbon pricing mechanisms on industrial emissions in OECD countries over the past decade? Potential sources: (1) 2019 peer-reviewed meta-analysis in a top-tier economics journal synthesizing 45 empirical studies on carbon taxes and cap-and-trade; authors from leading universities; DOI provided; rigorous methods but pre-2020 data limit coverage of recent policy changes. (2) 2023 OECD report with downloadable cross-country datasets and policy evaluations; institutional authority for OECD countries; transparent methodology; acknowledges limitations; potential policy-perspective bias; DOI and data repository links. (3) 2024 SSRN preprint authored by a private consultancy funded by energy sector clients; timely but not peer-reviewed; conflict-of-interest disclosure is partial; methods section lacks robustness checks. (4) Recorded interview (2022) with a former environment minister; insider perspective; politically situated; anecdotal evidence; no peer review; useful for context/quotes when properly attributed. (5) 2022 industry trade association white paper (cement sector) estimating compliance costs; current and sector-specific but advocacy-oriented; selective data; no external review.

Research question: What are the clinical and ethical considerations of deploying large language models for clinical decision support in hospitals? Potential sources: (1) 2024 peer-reviewed systematic review in a leading medical informatics journal synthesizing clinical evaluation studies of LLM-based tools; preregistered protocol; PRISMA compliance; detailed risk-of-bias assessment; DOI provided. (2) 2023 FDA draft guidance on clinical decision support software addressing regulatory boundaries, safety, and validation expectations; authoritative for U.S. compliance; versioned updates; public comment record. (3) 2024 professional association position statement (national medical organization) on ethics of AI in care—patient autonomy, accountability, documentation; cites empirical and normative literature; transparent authorship and disclosures. (4) 2022 arXiv technical preprint on LLM architecture; strong on model mechanics but limited clinical validation; no peer review. (5) 2025 startup CTO blog about their proprietary CDS tool; highly current and relevant marketing claims; no methods transparency; clear commercial conflict.