The Cell Cycle - Biology
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What is the first phase of mitosis?
What is the first phase of mitosis?
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Mitosis begins with prophase, where the chromatin in the cell condenses into chromosomes. Prophase is followed by metaphase, characterized by the lining up of chromosomes along the metaphase plate. Anaphase is the next stage that begins with the separation of paired chromosomes (sister chromatids). The last stage of mitosis is the telophase, where the chromosomes are cordoned off into new nuclei and return to chromatin form. An easy way to remember this order is to use the acronym PMAT.
Note: Cytokinesis is not technically a part of mitosis, but it is often included. It is an event that directly follows mitosis in which the cytoplasm is divided into two daughter cells.
Mitosis begins with prophase, where the chromatin in the cell condenses into chromosomes. Prophase is followed by metaphase, characterized by the lining up of chromosomes along the metaphase plate. Anaphase is the next stage that begins with the separation of paired chromosomes (sister chromatids). The last stage of mitosis is the telophase, where the chromosomes are cordoned off into new nuclei and return to chromatin form. An easy way to remember this order is to use the acronym PMAT.
Note: Cytokinesis is not technically a part of mitosis, but it is often included. It is an event that directly follows mitosis in which the cytoplasm is divided into two daughter cells.
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In which phase of the cell cycle do spindle fibers shorten?
In which phase of the cell cycle do spindle fibers shorten?
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During anaphase, chromosomes are split and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell. This separation is caused by the shortening of a pair of spindle fibers attached to the kinetochore of each sister chromatid. The other end of the spindle fibers is attached to a centriole at each respective end of the cell, which pulls the sister chromatids apart as it shortens the fiber.
During anaphase, chromosomes are split and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell. This separation is caused by the shortening of a pair of spindle fibers attached to the kinetochore of each sister chromatid. The other end of the spindle fibers is attached to a centriole at each respective end of the cell, which pulls the sister chromatids apart as it shortens the fiber.
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During which stages of the cell cycle and cell division is DNA completely(for the duration of the stage) condensed into chromosomes?
During which stages of the cell cycle and cell division is DNA completely(for the duration of the stage) condensed into chromosomes?
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It is during prophase that DNA condenses from chromatin into chromosomes, and it is during telophase that DNA unwinds from chromosomes back into chromatin. So for every stage between these two DNA is in chromosome form. The only stages between prophase and telophase are metaphase and anaphase. In all other stages DNA is in chromatin form.
It is during prophase that DNA condenses from chromatin into chromosomes, and it is during telophase that DNA unwinds from chromosomes back into chromatin. So for every stage between these two DNA is in chromosome form. The only stages between prophase and telophase are metaphase and anaphase. In all other stages DNA is in chromatin form.
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An actin filament ring has formed and is tightening around the cell, creating a cleavage furrow. The nuclear membrane has reformed around sister chromatids, which have unwound into chromatin. What stage of the cell cycle is occurring at this point?
An actin filament ring has formed and is tightening around the cell, creating a cleavage furrow. The nuclear membrane has reformed around sister chromatids, which have unwound into chromatin. What stage of the cell cycle is occurring at this point?
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The cell is being cleaved into two daughter cells, which occurs during cytokinesis. Sister chromatins separate during anaphase, the nuclear membrane reforms and DNA unwinds during telophase, so the cell has passed those stages leaving only cytokinesis before the daughter cells repeat the process over again.
The cell is being cleaved into two daughter cells, which occurs during cytokinesis. Sister chromatins separate during anaphase, the nuclear membrane reforms and DNA unwinds during telophase, so the cell has passed those stages leaving only cytokinesis before the daughter cells repeat the process over again.
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During which phase of the cell cycle is the genetic material copied?
During which phase of the cell cycle is the genetic material copied?
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The "S" in S phase is short for synthesis, as in DNA synthesis. During this time, each of the organism's chromosomes is copied in order to prepare for cell division so that both daughter cells have the genetic information necessary to be able to function properly. This type of cell division occurs in both somatic, or body, cells and sex cells, but not in prokaryotic organisms.
The "S" in S phase is short for synthesis, as in DNA synthesis. During this time, each of the organism's chromosomes is copied in order to prepare for cell division so that both daughter cells have the genetic information necessary to be able to function properly. This type of cell division occurs in both somatic, or body, cells and sex cells, but not in prokaryotic organisms.
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In the given picture, name and order the phases in the cell cycle, and list one event that occurs in each phase.
In the given picture, name and order the phases in the cell cycle, and list one event that occurs in each phase.
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Each cell goes through the cell cycle and can be at any point within it. During the G1 phase all the components of the cell are duplicated. The cell size increases as they produce RNA and synthesize proteins, as well as increase the number of organelles. During the S Phase DNA replication begins and chromosomes become replicated. Each chromosome will have two sister chromatids, connected at the kinetochore. In the G2 Phase the cell double checks the duplication work and makes necessary repairs so that mitosis can begin.
Each cell goes through the cell cycle and can be at any point within it. During the G1 phase all the components of the cell are duplicated. The cell size increases as they produce RNA and synthesize proteins, as well as increase the number of organelles. During the S Phase DNA replication begins and chromosomes become replicated. Each chromosome will have two sister chromatids, connected at the kinetochore. In the G2 Phase the cell double checks the duplication work and makes necessary repairs so that mitosis can begin.
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In which of the following stages of the cell cycle are chromosomes pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell?
In which of the following stages of the cell cycle are chromosomes pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell?
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Anaphase is when the chromosomes are pulled apart. An easy way to remember the phases of the cell cycle is by memorizing IP-MAT.
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Then remember that the "metaphase plate" is when the chromosomes line up, and right after that is when they are pulled apart, in anaphase.
Anaphase is when the chromosomes are pulled apart. An easy way to remember the phases of the cell cycle is by memorizing IP-MAT.
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Then remember that the "metaphase plate" is when the chromosomes line up, and right after that is when they are pulled apart, in anaphase.
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During the cell cycle, there are several checkpoints to ensure proper cell growth and division. Which checkpoint ensures that each duplicated chromatid is appropriately attached to cellular machinery in order to segregate properly?
During the cell cycle, there are several checkpoints to ensure proper cell growth and division. Which checkpoint ensures that each duplicated chromatid is appropriately attached to cellular machinery in order to segregate properly?
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During mitosis, the metaphase checkpoint ensures that each duplicated chromatid is attached to the spindle apparatus. If the metaphase checkpoint is not satisfied, the cell will not enter anaphase. This checkpoint is essential for preventing aneuploidy, a condition in which there are an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell.
The G1 checkpoint determines if the cell will enter the S phase to replicate DNA and prepare for cell division. Quiescent cells, cells that do not frequently divide, are often stopped at the G1 checkpoint for long periods. The G2 checkpoint is used to prevent the cell from entering mitosis if there were errors in the replication of DNA during the S phase. Failure to pass the G2 checkpoint can result in apoptosis. There is no G0 checkpoint.
During mitosis, the metaphase checkpoint ensures that each duplicated chromatid is attached to the spindle apparatus. If the metaphase checkpoint is not satisfied, the cell will not enter anaphase. This checkpoint is essential for preventing aneuploidy, a condition in which there are an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell.
The G1 checkpoint determines if the cell will enter the S phase to replicate DNA and prepare for cell division. Quiescent cells, cells that do not frequently divide, are often stopped at the G1 checkpoint for long periods. The G2 checkpoint is used to prevent the cell from entering mitosis if there were errors in the replication of DNA during the S phase. Failure to pass the G2 checkpoint can result in apoptosis. There is no G0 checkpoint.
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Most cells spend the vast majority of their time in .
Most cells spend the vast majority of their time in .
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Most cells spend about 90% of their time in interphase. Note that mitosis and meiosis comprise only about 10% of the cell cycle.
Most cells spend about 90% of their time in interphase. Note that mitosis and meiosis comprise only about 10% of the cell cycle.
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Out of all phases in the cell cycle, most cells spend the majority of their life in .
Out of all phases in the cell cycle, most cells spend the majority of their life in .
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Cell division, or mitosis, is a rather small portion of a cell's life and includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The majority of a cell's life is spent in interphase.
Cell division, or mitosis, is a rather small portion of a cell's life and includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The majority of a cell's life is spent in interphase.
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Which of the following best describes the two primary purposes of Active S cyclin-CDK phosphorylation in the cell cycle?
Which of the following best describes the two primary purposes of Active S cyclin-CDK phosphorylation in the cell cycle?
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Active S cyclin-CDK phosphorylation in the cell cycle is primarily intended to ensure that each portion of the cell's genome is copied once and only once. Daughter cells that do not copy a complete genome will likely die; however, carrying extra copies of certain genes will also negatively affect daughter cells, and phosphorylation of proteins that make up pre-replication complexes safeguards against this.
Active S cyclin-CDK phosphorylation in the cell cycle is primarily intended to ensure that each portion of the cell's genome is copied once and only once. Daughter cells that do not copy a complete genome will likely die; however, carrying extra copies of certain genes will also negatively affect daughter cells, and phosphorylation of proteins that make up pre-replication complexes safeguards against this.
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During the G1 phase of the cell cycle, in which form will Eukaryotic DNA be found?
During the G1 phase of the cell cycle, in which form will Eukaryotic DNA be found?
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Chromosomes and Chromatid are both incorrect because eukaryotic DNA is condensed into these tightly packed chromosomal structures during M phase of mitosis. Plasmids are not found in eukaryotes and an unfolded continuous strand of DNA would be too long to fit within a nucleus. Thus, Chromatin is the correct answer choice; chromatin is a protein-DNA complex in a loosely packed form which allows for gene transcription which is necessary during the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Chromosomes and Chromatid are both incorrect because eukaryotic DNA is condensed into these tightly packed chromosomal structures during M phase of mitosis. Plasmids are not found in eukaryotes and an unfolded continuous strand of DNA would be too long to fit within a nucleus. Thus, Chromatin is the correct answer choice; chromatin is a protein-DNA complex in a loosely packed form which allows for gene transcription which is necessary during the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
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What is the initial checkpoint in a mammalian cell cycle whose major function is to allow or disallow a cell to mitotically divide?
What is the initial checkpoint in a mammalian cell cycle whose major function is to allow or disallow a cell to mitotically divide?
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The G1 Checkpoint is the correct answer, because if a cell gets a signal at this checkpoint then the cell goes on to complete the S, G2, and M phases and will end up dividing. If this signal is not received at the G1 checkpoint then the cell enters the non-dividing G0 phase.
The G1 Checkpoint is the correct answer, because if a cell gets a signal at this checkpoint then the cell goes on to complete the S, G2, and M phases and will end up dividing. If this signal is not received at the G1 checkpoint then the cell enters the non-dividing G0 phase.
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There are several checkpoints during the cell cycle to ensure proper growth and division. Which checkpoint of the cell cycle is considered the "point of no return?"
There are several checkpoints during the cell cycle to ensure proper growth and division. Which checkpoint of the cell cycle is considered the "point of no return?"
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Once the cell passes the G1 checkpoint, the cell becomes committed to the cell cycle and enters the S phase where DNA is replicated. The checkpoint is to ensure the cell has grown enough and has enough resources to begin DNA replication. The next checkpoint is the G2 checkpoint, where the cell checks and makes sure the DNA replicated correctly before beginning mitosis. If the cell does not pass this checkpoint, it commences apoptosis and dies.
Once the cell passes the G1 checkpoint, the cell becomes committed to the cell cycle and enters the S phase where DNA is replicated. The checkpoint is to ensure the cell has grown enough and has enough resources to begin DNA replication. The next checkpoint is the G2 checkpoint, where the cell checks and makes sure the DNA replicated correctly before beginning mitosis. If the cell does not pass this checkpoint, it commences apoptosis and dies.
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During which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
During which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
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The S phase (or synthesis phase) is a period of the cell cycle during which DNA is replicated (or synthesized). G1 and G2 are both growth phases, during which cellular organelles are replicated and the cell grows in size. The M phase refers to mitosis, or cell division.
The S phase (or synthesis phase) is a period of the cell cycle during which DNA is replicated (or synthesized). G1 and G2 are both growth phases, during which cellular organelles are replicated and the cell grows in size. The M phase refers to mitosis, or cell division.
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What stage of the cell cycle results in a duplication of the genetic material in the cell?
What stage of the cell cycle results in a duplication of the genetic material in the cell?
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During the S phase, the cell dedicates its time to replicating its DNA. The S phase is named for the synthesis of DNA.
The G phases are needed for increasing proteins and cellular organelles, and are known for cellular growth. The M phase is also known as mitosis.
During the S phase, the cell dedicates its time to replicating its DNA. The S phase is named for the synthesis of DNA.
The G phases are needed for increasing proteins and cellular organelles, and are known for cellular growth. The M phase is also known as mitosis.
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What step in the cell cycle precedes mitosis, and is characterized by organelle replication?
What step in the cell cycle precedes mitosis, and is characterized by organelle replication?
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There are two stages in the cell cycle marked by the replication of organelles and protein synthesis: G1 and G2. G1 follows mitosis and allows the cell to grow. G2 occurs just before mitosis, and ensures that both daughter cells will have adequate organelles. It also allows proteins necessary for mitosis to be translated.
The overall order of the cell cycle is: G1, S, G2, M. G1 is a growth period. S marks the replication of DNA, resulting in the production of identical sister chromatids. G2 is responsible for organelle synthesis. The M phase is mitosis, or cell division.
There are two stages in the cell cycle marked by the replication of organelles and protein synthesis: G1 and G2. G1 follows mitosis and allows the cell to grow. G2 occurs just before mitosis, and ensures that both daughter cells will have adequate organelles. It also allows proteins necessary for mitosis to be translated.
The overall order of the cell cycle is: G1, S, G2, M. G1 is a growth period. S marks the replication of DNA, resulting in the production of identical sister chromatids. G2 is responsible for organelle synthesis. The M phase is mitosis, or cell division.
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During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
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The cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
The G1 phase stands for gap 1 and is when organelles replicate and the cell grows.
The S phase stands for synthesis and is when DNA is replicated.
The G2 phase stands for gap 2 and is when DNA is proofread and DNA damage is repaired.
The M phase is mitosis, which is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Prophase is when the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase is when the cell begins to split and the nuclear membrane reassembles. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches off and two daughter cells are formed.
G0 is a separate phase, in which the cell cycle is stopped. Cells in the G0 phase are known as quiescent cells, and do not divide.
The cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
The G1 phase stands for gap 1 and is when organelles replicate and the cell grows.
The S phase stands for synthesis and is when DNA is replicated.
The G2 phase stands for gap 2 and is when DNA is proofread and DNA damage is repaired.
The M phase is mitosis, which is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Prophase is when the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase is when the cell begins to split and the nuclear membrane reassembles. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches off and two daughter cells are formed.
G0 is a separate phase, in which the cell cycle is stopped. Cells in the G0 phase are known as quiescent cells, and do not divide.
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During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA proofread and repaired?
During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA proofread and repaired?
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The cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
The G1 phase stands for gap 1 and is when organelles replicate and the cell grows.
The S phase stands for synthesis and is when DNA is replicated.
The G2 phase stands for gap 2 and is when DNA is proofread and DNA damage is repaired.
The M phase is mitosis, which is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Prophase is when the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase is when the cell begins to split and the nuclear membrane reassembles. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches off and two daughter cells are formed.
G0 is a separate phase, in which the cell cycle is stopped. Cells in the G0 phase are known as quiescent cells, and do not divide.
The cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
The G1 phase stands for gap 1 and is when organelles replicate and the cell grows.
The S phase stands for synthesis and is when DNA is replicated.
The G2 phase stands for gap 2 and is when DNA is proofread and DNA damage is repaired.
The M phase is mitosis, which is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Prophase is when the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase is when the cell begins to split and the nuclear membrane reassembles. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches off and two daughter cells are formed.
G0 is a separate phase, in which the cell cycle is stopped. Cells in the G0 phase are known as quiescent cells, and do not divide.
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During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow and make organelles?
During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow and make organelles?
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The cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
The G1 phase stands for gap 1 and is when organelles replicate and the cell grows.
The S phase stands for synthesis and is when DNA is replicated.
The G2 phase stands for gap 2 and is when DNA is proofread and DNA damage is repaired.
The M phase is mitosis, which is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Prophase is when the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase is when the cell begins to split and the nuclear membrane reassembles. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches off and two daughter cells are formed.
G0 is a separate phase, in which the cell cycle is stopped. Cells in the G0 phase are known as quiescent cells, and do not divide.
The cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
The G1 phase stands for gap 1 and is when organelles replicate and the cell grows.
The S phase stands for synthesis and is when DNA is replicated.
The G2 phase stands for gap 2 and is when DNA is proofread and DNA damage is repaired.
The M phase is mitosis, which is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Prophase is when the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase is when the cell begins to split and the nuclear membrane reassembles. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches off and two daughter cells are formed.
G0 is a separate phase, in which the cell cycle is stopped. Cells in the G0 phase are known as quiescent cells, and do not divide.
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