Cell Division - Biology
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Meiosis produces daughter cells.
Meiosis produces daughter cells.
Meiosis involves two divisions and results in four unique daughter cells called gametes. Meiosis begins with one parent cell, after the first division there are two daughter cells, and then those each split, resulting in a total of four daughter cells.
Meiosis involves two divisions and results in four unique daughter cells called gametes. Meiosis begins with one parent cell, after the first division there are two daughter cells, and then those each split, resulting in a total of four daughter cells.
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Homologous chromosomes pair up in which stage of meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes pair up in which stage of meiosis?
In prophase I chromosomes become compact and homologous chromosomes pair up. Also during prophase I, the nuclear membrane begins to break down and the spindle apparatus begins to form.
In prophase I chromosomes become compact and homologous chromosomes pair up. Also during prophase I, the nuclear membrane begins to break down and the spindle apparatus begins to form.
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Homologous chromosomes line up along the cell's equator in which stage?
Homologous chromosomes line up along the cell's equator in which stage?
In metaphase I, homologous chromosomes line up along the center of the cell in order to be pulled apart. Recall that during meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair, cross over, and separate. Meiosis II is when the sister chromatids are separated.
In metaphase I, homologous chromosomes line up along the center of the cell in order to be pulled apart. Recall that during meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair, cross over, and separate. Meiosis II is when the sister chromatids are separated.
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During which phase of meiosis does chromosomal disjunction occur?
During which phase of meiosis does chromosomal disjunction occur?
Chromosome disjunction is the splitting up of paired of chromosomes. This occurs in anaphase I and anaphase II where the homologous chromosomes split and the sister chromatids split, respectively. Note that improper disjunction (nondisjunction) can be detrimental to the cell.
Chromosome disjunction is the splitting up of paired of chromosomes. This occurs in anaphase I and anaphase II where the homologous chromosomes split and the sister chromatids split, respectively. Note that improper disjunction (nondisjunction) can be detrimental to the cell.
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Sister chromatids separate in which stage of meiosis?
Sister chromatids separate in which stage of meiosis?
Chromatid disjunction occurs in anaphase II after the chromosomes line up along the equator during metaphase II. The chromosomes are then pulled apart, with one chromatid moving north, and one moving south. The next steps are telophase, and cytokinesis, which upon completion, will result in genetically distinct haploid gametes.
Chromatid disjunction occurs in anaphase II after the chromosomes line up along the equator during metaphase II. The chromosomes are then pulled apart, with one chromatid moving north, and one moving south. The next steps are telophase, and cytokinesis, which upon completion, will result in genetically distinct haploid gametes.
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What is the final stage of meiosis?
What is the final stage of meiosis?
Telophase is the final stage of both meiosis I and meiosis II. So telophase II is the final step of the overall process of meiosis. In telophase II, the daughter cells begin to form, the DNA begins to decondense, the nuclear membrane reforms, and the spindle apparatus breaks down. Cytokinesis is the physical splitting of the cell that follows mitosis/meiosis.
Telophase is the final stage of both meiosis I and meiosis II. So telophase II is the final step of the overall process of meiosis. In telophase II, the daughter cells begin to form, the DNA begins to decondense, the nuclear membrane reforms, and the spindle apparatus breaks down. Cytokinesis is the physical splitting of the cell that follows mitosis/meiosis.
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Which of the following best describes the reason for the genetic diversity of gametes?
Which of the following best describes the reason for the genetic diversity of gametes?
Crossing over is the process in Meiosis I in which homologs line up on the metaphase plate and exchange genetic information, which changes the genetic make up of chromosomes. Independent assortment is a principle proposed by Gregory Mendel stating that genes assort independently during gamete formation, which creates genetic diversity.
Crossing over is the process in Meiosis I in which homologs line up on the metaphase plate and exchange genetic information, which changes the genetic make up of chromosomes. Independent assortment is a principle proposed by Gregory Mendel stating that genes assort independently during gamete formation, which creates genetic diversity.
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During the cell cycle, there are several checkpoints to ensure proper cell growth and division. Which checkpoint ensures that each duplicated chromatid is appropriately attached to cellular machinery in order to segregate properly?
During the cell cycle, there are several checkpoints to ensure proper cell growth and division. Which checkpoint ensures that each duplicated chromatid is appropriately attached to cellular machinery in order to segregate properly?
During mitosis, the metaphase checkpoint ensures that each duplicated chromatid is attached to the spindle apparatus. If the metaphase checkpoint is not satisfied, the cell will not enter anaphase. This checkpoint is essential for preventing aneuploidy, a condition in which there are an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell.
The G1 checkpoint determines if the cell will enter the S phase to replicate DNA and prepare for cell division. Quiescent cells, cells that do not frequently divide, are often stopped at the G1 checkpoint for long periods. The G2 checkpoint is used to prevent the cell from entering mitosis if there were errors in the replication of DNA during the S phase. Failure to pass the G2 checkpoint can result in apoptosis. There is no G0 checkpoint.
During mitosis, the metaphase checkpoint ensures that each duplicated chromatid is attached to the spindle apparatus. If the metaphase checkpoint is not satisfied, the cell will not enter anaphase. This checkpoint is essential for preventing aneuploidy, a condition in which there are an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell.
The G1 checkpoint determines if the cell will enter the S phase to replicate DNA and prepare for cell division. Quiescent cells, cells that do not frequently divide, are often stopped at the G1 checkpoint for long periods. The G2 checkpoint is used to prevent the cell from entering mitosis if there were errors in the replication of DNA during the S phase. Failure to pass the G2 checkpoint can result in apoptosis. There is no G0 checkpoint.
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Which of the following best describes the two primary purposes of Active S cyclin-CDK phosphorylation in the cell cycle?
Which of the following best describes the two primary purposes of Active S cyclin-CDK phosphorylation in the cell cycle?
Active S cyclin-CDK phosphorylation in the cell cycle is primarily intended to ensure that each portion of the cell's genome is copied once and only once. Daughter cells that do not copy a complete genome will likely die; however, carrying extra copies of certain genes will also negatively affect daughter cells, and phosphorylation of proteins that make up pre-replication complexes safeguards against this.
Active S cyclin-CDK phosphorylation in the cell cycle is primarily intended to ensure that each portion of the cell's genome is copied once and only once. Daughter cells that do not copy a complete genome will likely die; however, carrying extra copies of certain genes will also negatively affect daughter cells, and phosphorylation of proteins that make up pre-replication complexes safeguards against this.
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During the G1 phase of the cell cycle, in which form will Eukaryotic DNA be found?
During the G1 phase of the cell cycle, in which form will Eukaryotic DNA be found?
Chromosomes and Chromatid are both incorrect because eukaryotic DNA is condensed into these tightly packed chromosomal structures during M phase of mitosis. Plasmids are not found in eukaryotes and an unfolded continuous strand of DNA would be too long to fit within a nucleus. Thus, Chromatin is the correct answer choice; chromatin is a protein-DNA complex in a loosely packed form which allows for gene transcription which is necessary during the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Chromosomes and Chromatid are both incorrect because eukaryotic DNA is condensed into these tightly packed chromosomal structures during M phase of mitosis. Plasmids are not found in eukaryotes and an unfolded continuous strand of DNA would be too long to fit within a nucleus. Thus, Chromatin is the correct answer choice; chromatin is a protein-DNA complex in a loosely packed form which allows for gene transcription which is necessary during the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
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What is the initial checkpoint in a mammalian cell cycle whose major function is to allow or disallow a cell to mitotically divide?
What is the initial checkpoint in a mammalian cell cycle whose major function is to allow or disallow a cell to mitotically divide?
The G1 Checkpoint is the correct answer, because if a cell gets a signal at this checkpoint then the cell goes on to complete the S, G2, and M phases and will end up dividing. If this signal is not received at the G1 checkpoint then the cell enters the non-dividing G0 phase.
The G1 Checkpoint is the correct answer, because if a cell gets a signal at this checkpoint then the cell goes on to complete the S, G2, and M phases and will end up dividing. If this signal is not received at the G1 checkpoint then the cell enters the non-dividing G0 phase.
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There are several checkpoints during the cell cycle to ensure proper growth and division. Which checkpoint of the cell cycle is considered the "point of no return?"
There are several checkpoints during the cell cycle to ensure proper growth and division. Which checkpoint of the cell cycle is considered the "point of no return?"
Once the cell passes the G1 checkpoint, the cell becomes committed to the cell cycle and enters the S phase where DNA is replicated. The checkpoint is to ensure the cell has grown enough and has enough resources to begin DNA replication. The next checkpoint is the G2 checkpoint, where the cell checks and makes sure the DNA replicated correctly before beginning mitosis. If the cell does not pass this checkpoint, it commences apoptosis and dies.
Once the cell passes the G1 checkpoint, the cell becomes committed to the cell cycle and enters the S phase where DNA is replicated. The checkpoint is to ensure the cell has grown enough and has enough resources to begin DNA replication. The next checkpoint is the G2 checkpoint, where the cell checks and makes sure the DNA replicated correctly before beginning mitosis. If the cell does not pass this checkpoint, it commences apoptosis and dies.
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During which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
During which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
The S phase (or synthesis phase) is a period of the cell cycle during which DNA is replicated (or synthesized). G1 and G2 are both growth phases, during which cellular organelles are replicated and the cell grows in size. The M phase refers to mitosis, or cell division.
The S phase (or synthesis phase) is a period of the cell cycle during which DNA is replicated (or synthesized). G1 and G2 are both growth phases, during which cellular organelles are replicated and the cell grows in size. The M phase refers to mitosis, or cell division.
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What stage of the cell cycle results in a duplication of the genetic material in the cell?
What stage of the cell cycle results in a duplication of the genetic material in the cell?
During the S phase, the cell dedicates its time to replicating its DNA. The S phase is named for the synthesis of DNA.
The G phases are needed for increasing proteins and cellular organelles, and are known for cellular growth. The M phase is also known as mitosis.
During the S phase, the cell dedicates its time to replicating its DNA. The S phase is named for the synthesis of DNA.
The G phases are needed for increasing proteins and cellular organelles, and are known for cellular growth. The M phase is also known as mitosis.
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What step in the cell cycle precedes mitosis, and is characterized by organelle replication?
What step in the cell cycle precedes mitosis, and is characterized by organelle replication?
There are two stages in the cell cycle marked by the replication of organelles and protein synthesis: G1 and G2. G1 follows mitosis and allows the cell to grow. G2 occurs just before mitosis, and ensures that both daughter cells will have adequate organelles. It also allows proteins necessary for mitosis to be translated.
The overall order of the cell cycle is: G1, S, G2, M. G1 is a growth period. S marks the replication of DNA, resulting in the production of identical sister chromatids. G2 is responsible for organelle synthesis. The M phase is mitosis, or cell division.
There are two stages in the cell cycle marked by the replication of organelles and protein synthesis: G1 and G2. G1 follows mitosis and allows the cell to grow. G2 occurs just before mitosis, and ensures that both daughter cells will have adequate organelles. It also allows proteins necessary for mitosis to be translated.
The overall order of the cell cycle is: G1, S, G2, M. G1 is a growth period. S marks the replication of DNA, resulting in the production of identical sister chromatids. G2 is responsible for organelle synthesis. The M phase is mitosis, or cell division.
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During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
The cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
The G1 phase stands for gap 1 and is when organelles replicate and the cell grows.
The S phase stands for synthesis and is when DNA is replicated.
The G2 phase stands for gap 2 and is when DNA is proofread and DNA damage is repaired.
The M phase is mitosis, which is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Prophase is when the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase is when the cell begins to split and the nuclear membrane reassembles. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches off and two daughter cells are formed.
G0 is a separate phase, in which the cell cycle is stopped. Cells in the G0 phase are known as quiescent cells, and do not divide.
The cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
The G1 phase stands for gap 1 and is when organelles replicate and the cell grows.
The S phase stands for synthesis and is when DNA is replicated.
The G2 phase stands for gap 2 and is when DNA is proofread and DNA damage is repaired.
The M phase is mitosis, which is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Prophase is when the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase is when the cell begins to split and the nuclear membrane reassembles. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches off and two daughter cells are formed.
G0 is a separate phase, in which the cell cycle is stopped. Cells in the G0 phase are known as quiescent cells, and do not divide.
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During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA proofread and repaired?
During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA proofread and repaired?
The cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
The G1 phase stands for gap 1 and is when organelles replicate and the cell grows.
The S phase stands for synthesis and is when DNA is replicated.
The G2 phase stands for gap 2 and is when DNA is proofread and DNA damage is repaired.
The M phase is mitosis, which is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Prophase is when the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase is when the cell begins to split and the nuclear membrane reassembles. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches off and two daughter cells are formed.
G0 is a separate phase, in which the cell cycle is stopped. Cells in the G0 phase are known as quiescent cells, and do not divide.
The cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
The G1 phase stands for gap 1 and is when organelles replicate and the cell grows.
The S phase stands for synthesis and is when DNA is replicated.
The G2 phase stands for gap 2 and is when DNA is proofread and DNA damage is repaired.
The M phase is mitosis, which is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Prophase is when the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase is when the cell begins to split and the nuclear membrane reassembles. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches off and two daughter cells are formed.
G0 is a separate phase, in which the cell cycle is stopped. Cells in the G0 phase are known as quiescent cells, and do not divide.
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During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow and make organelles?
During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow and make organelles?
The cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
The G1 phase stands for gap 1 and is when organelles replicate and the cell grows.
The S phase stands for synthesis and is when DNA is replicated.
The G2 phase stands for gap 2 and is when DNA is proofread and DNA damage is repaired.
The M phase is mitosis, which is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Prophase is when the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase is when the cell begins to split and the nuclear membrane reassembles. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches off and two daughter cells are formed.
G0 is a separate phase, in which the cell cycle is stopped. Cells in the G0 phase are known as quiescent cells, and do not divide.
The cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
The G1 phase stands for gap 1 and is when organelles replicate and the cell grows.
The S phase stands for synthesis and is when DNA is replicated.
The G2 phase stands for gap 2 and is when DNA is proofread and DNA damage is repaired.
The M phase is mitosis, which is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Prophase is when the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase is when the cell begins to split and the nuclear membrane reassembles. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches off and two daughter cells are formed.
G0 is a separate phase, in which the cell cycle is stopped. Cells in the G0 phase are known as quiescent cells, and do not divide.
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During which phase of the cell cycle does the parent cell split into two daughter cells?
During which phase of the cell cycle does the parent cell split into two daughter cells?
The cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
The G1 phase stands for gap 1 and is when organelles replicate and the cell grows.
The S phase stands for synthesis and is when DNA is replicated.
The G2 phase stands for gap 2 and is when DNA is proofread and DNA damage is repaired.
The M phase is mitosis, which is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Prophase is when the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase is when the cell begins to split and the nuclear membrane reassembles. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches off and two daughter cells are formed.
G0 is a separate phase, in which the cell cycle is stopped. Cells in the G0 phase are known as quiescent cells, and do not divide.
The cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
The G1 phase stands for gap 1 and is when organelles replicate and the cell grows.
The S phase stands for synthesis and is when DNA is replicated.
The G2 phase stands for gap 2 and is when DNA is proofread and DNA damage is repaired.
The M phase is mitosis, which is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Prophase is when the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase is when the cell begins to split and the nuclear membrane reassembles. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches off and two daughter cells are formed.
G0 is a separate phase, in which the cell cycle is stopped. Cells in the G0 phase are known as quiescent cells, and do not divide.
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During which phase of mitosis does the DNA condense into chromosomes?
During which phase of mitosis does the DNA condense into chromosomes?
The cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
The M phase is mitosis, which is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
Prophase is when the nuclear envelope dissolves and chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by spindle fibers. Telophase is when the cell begins to split and the nuclear membrane reassembles. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches off and two daughter cells are formed.
The S phase of the cell cycle is the period during which DNA is replicated.
The cell cycle consists of four major phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
The M phase is mitosis, which is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
Prophase is when the nuclear envelope dissolves and chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by spindle fibers. Telophase is when the cell begins to split and the nuclear membrane reassembles. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches off and two daughter cells are formed.
The S phase of the cell cycle is the period during which DNA is replicated.
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