War and Civil Conflict - AP World History: Modern

The Saud and Hashemite families struggled for control of the Arabian peninsula for centuries. In the early 1900s, the Sauds were able to overthrow and exile the Hashemites.

The British, who had been close allies of both the Sauds and Hashemites, placed Hashemite kings on the thrones of ex-British protectorates Jordan and Iraq.

The Hashemites never lost their tribal identity, even if they lost their ancestral homeland.

Although the Hashemite king of Iraq was eventually overthrown, to this day the King of Jordan is a Hashemite.

Advances in technology led to a completely new style of warfare that came with the turn of the 20th century. While hand to hand combat fell out of style, armies would dig trenches to protect their front lines, which they would defend with Machine guns and heavy artillery. The result were vast stretches of "no man's land" between trenches that were virtually deserted for fear of being gunned down. These mass killing technologies led to significantly higher death rates.

WWI brought the concept of Total War to new heights, in this global war the conflict stretched far beyond the military. Factories were re-purposed for the war effort, propaganda was spread, and food was rationed. In many nations conscription was established to recruit more actively for the armed forces.

The Treaty of Versailles placed almost total blame for WWI on Germany and imposed major punishments on them including: stripping them of domestic and oversees territories, limiting the size of the military, imposing harsh economic sanctions. Resentment born from this treaty would eventually cause Hitler's rise to power and World War II.

D-Day was the military for what became the famous invasion of Normandy, France, by the Allied Powers to attempt to begin the liberation of Europe from Nazi Germany. V-Day refers to Victory Day, or the day the Axis powers surrendered to the Allied powers.

The United States created the Marshall Plan after World War II, as an economic strategy to help European countries be less vulnerable to the Soviet attempts to invade them after World War II.

General MacArthur initially evacuated the Philippines upon Japanese invasion during War World II on the Pacific front. He promised them he would return later in the war to deliver them from the Japanese -and he did, regaining the territory from the Japanese in 1944.

Americans contributed to the war effort in many ways; however, the internet was not available at this time so emails could not be sent to soldiers.

It was not until the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on December 7th, 1941 that the United States officially joined World War II. The Allied powers war with Germany begin in late 1939.

Italy was led by Mussolini during World War II.

General De Gaulle was the leader of the French Resistance during World War II. He was in charge of a secret radio program through which he communicated with the Resistance. He also assisted in the organization and carrying out of the invasion of Normandy, now known as D-Day.

Janissaries were a highly trained elite fighting force of the Ottoman Empire. All the soldiers were Slaves of the state. Christian families were required to give one son to Islam, while they were held against their will they received extensive education, and the most elite were trained to become Janissaries.

The Landsknecht were famous for using arquebuses, pikes, and broadswords. Pikes were usually used to stop enemy cavalry, broadswords were used to repel enemy pikes, and arquebuses were used to gain advantage over enemies (especially the Swiss) who did not use firearms.

The Sarissa, small shields, and daggers were hallmarks of Alexander the Great's ancient invasion of Perisa, not the medieval Landsknecht.

The Landsknecht were not known to use axes, and muskets hadn't been invented yet.

Punt guns were used in the 19th century to hunt waterfowl, not by the medieval Landsknecht in combat.

Landsknecht never used Japanese katanas.

All of the mentioned answers were seen during World War One, except for the use of nuclear weapons, which were developed later.

It was the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that, debatably, led to or hastened the conclusion of World War II on the Pacific front.

The Peace of Augsburg, which first took effect in 1555, put an end to the battles that had been waged between various Protestant armies against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V over a period of nearly thirty long years. The Peace included various conflict resolutions but its most important term was the adoption of the principle that from now on, the leader of each Western European region (from Switzerland to Denmark to Germany) was able to freely choose the religious allegiance of his own region. No outside influence or external force was allowed to interfere with this freedom and any region’s dissenters were permitted to immigrate to another area in which their religion had been selected as the official norm. Under the Peace of Augsburg, Lutheranism was officially granted legal protection and the regional split between Protestantism and Catholicism was therefore firmly established.

With the ending of the bloody Thirty Years War, in which one third of Europe's population died, the Peace of Westphalia was signed which established the concept of sovereignty or the authority of a state to govern itself or another state. Additionally, this concept remains the foundation of contemporary international politics and provides the backbone for state interaction.

As the sixteenth century drew to a close, the nature of religious conflict in Western Europe experienced a dramatic shift. The Treaty of Augsburg (1555) was successful in resolving the disputes between the Catholic Church and Lutheranism. Specifically, it was the Treaty’s provision which allowed the leader of each regional/national territory to independently decide the dominant religion of their domain that enforced this new peace. While the Treaty had officially made Lutheranism a protected religion, it offered no such security to Calvinism. Naturally, Calvinists found this unfair and intolerable and so the focus of religious conflict shifted, as Calvinists arrayed themselves in fierce, vocal (and sometimes physical) opposition to the Catholic Church. This struggle, Calvinists against Catholics, was especially strong in Scotland, France, the Netherlands, and England.

The late sixteenth century was a time of great religious turmoil in France. The French government and monarchy were staunchly Catholic but the country also had a growing population of Protestants, who were known as Huguenots. Religious conflict was deeply intertwined with political conflict, especially because many French nobles who had been excluded from positions of power by King Francis II found Protestantism’s advocacy of decentralized control to be perfectly suitable to their political ambitions. The French monarchy officially began an Inquisition against Huguenots in 1540. In response, aristocratic Protestants, such as the prince of Conde and Admiral Coligny, began to create their own Protestant militias, which were well-armed and lived inside fortified towns. This intermarriage between politics and religion created a dangerous climate in the country, one which could erupt at any moment. The final push into outright conflict came right after the King’s death; because his heir, Charles IX, was too young to rule, his mother, Catherine de Medici, became Queen Regent. Although she was a devout Catholic, Catherine didn’t want to see her nation torn apart by religious infighting, but she was unable to restrain her fellow Catholic nobles, many of whom had also assembled their own militias. The conflict came to a head in March 1562, when the Catholic duke of Guise and his militia burst into a Protestant church in Champagne and massacred many of the worshippers. The brutality of the attack, especially the duke’s invasion of a church and his acts of violence within a sacred space, convinced the Huguenots that they couldn’t tolerate any future aggression and the French civil war of religion soon began.