Empires, Colonialism, Imperialism, and Decolonization - AP World History: Modern
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What took place at the Berlin Conference?
What took place at the Berlin Conference?
The Berlin Conference was convened from 1884 to 1885 and led to the division of the African continent between the various European imperial powers. The fact that it was in Berlin is telling because Germany, at the time, was a newly unified nation that wanted to compete with the colonial empires of western European nations like France and Britain, and so sought assurances for the establishment of colonies in Africa without the interference of other European nations.
The Berlin Conference was convened from 1884 to 1885 and led to the division of the African continent between the various European imperial powers. The fact that it was in Berlin is telling because Germany, at the time, was a newly unified nation that wanted to compete with the colonial empires of western European nations like France and Britain, and so sought assurances for the establishment of colonies in Africa without the interference of other European nations.
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The term “White Man’s Burden” was coined by .
The term “White Man’s Burden” was coined by .
The imperialist dogma “the White Man’s Burden” was coined in a poem by Rudyard Kipling in 1898. It was used to refer to a sort of moral imperative on the part of Western Europe and the United States to conquer and rule native people for their own benefit. The idea that was commonly held at the time was that western civilization had a responsibility to bring “civilization” to all the people in the world. Due to its title and provocative message it has long been a controversial expression.
The imperialist dogma “the White Man’s Burden” was coined in a poem by Rudyard Kipling in 1898. It was used to refer to a sort of moral imperative on the part of Western Europe and the United States to conquer and rule native people for their own benefit. The idea that was commonly held at the time was that western civilization had a responsibility to bring “civilization” to all the people in the world. Due to its title and provocative message it has long been a controversial expression.
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All of Africa was divided between European imperial powers in the latter years of the nineteenth century with the notable exceptions of .
All of Africa was divided between European imperial powers in the latter years of the nineteenth century with the notable exceptions of .
The only two major African nations not to be divided between the European imperial powers in the latter years of the nineteenth century were Liberia and Ethiopia. Liberia is a unique nation in the history of Africa. It was founded by the American Colonization Society in the mid-nineteenth century and promptly declared its independence (which was recognized by the United States during the Civil War). It became an independent republic where former slaves from the Americas and the Caribbean could re-settle in African society. It retained its independence throughout the European imperial era.
The only two major African nations not to be divided between the European imperial powers in the latter years of the nineteenth century were Liberia and Ethiopia. Liberia is a unique nation in the history of Africa. It was founded by the American Colonization Society in the mid-nineteenth century and promptly declared its independence (which was recognized by the United States during the Civil War). It became an independent republic where former slaves from the Americas and the Caribbean could re-settle in African society. It retained its independence throughout the European imperial era.
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Claiming it was their territory based on a disputed treaty, Italy invaded in 1895 to claim it as a colonial territory.
Claiming it was their territory based on a disputed treaty, Italy invaded in 1895 to claim it as a colonial territory.
The Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1895 was a huge failure. The Italian army expected they would easily defeat the army of Ethiopian ruler Menelik II. Full scale war erupted in 1895 and the Italians were defeated in 1896. Ethiopia was one of the only regions in Africa to remain independent of colonial rule during this period. In 1935 Italy launched another invasion of Ethiopia and successfully occupied the territory on this attempt.
The Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1895 was a huge failure. The Italian army expected they would easily defeat the army of Ethiopian ruler Menelik II. Full scale war erupted in 1895 and the Italians were defeated in 1896. Ethiopia was one of the only regions in Africa to remain independent of colonial rule during this period. In 1935 Italy launched another invasion of Ethiopia and successfully occupied the territory on this attempt.
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imperial rule employed foreign officials to rule over the indigenous peoples through tax collection, government administration, and economic oversight. This form of imperial rule offered little to no room for government participation by indigenous persons or groups.
imperial rule employed foreign officials to rule over the indigenous peoples through tax collection, government administration, and economic oversight. This form of imperial rule offered little to no room for government participation by indigenous persons or groups.
Direct imperial rule employed citizens of the colonial power to oversee all government and market functions. Direct rule employed strict management of law and order and divided naturally aligned kin groups to disrupt potentially powerful rebellions. Direct rule was characteristic of French and Belgian colonies.
Direct imperial rule employed citizens of the colonial power to oversee all government and market functions. Direct rule employed strict management of law and order and divided naturally aligned kin groups to disrupt potentially powerful rebellions. Direct rule was characteristic of French and Belgian colonies.
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imperial rule utilized indigenous institutions to maintain law and order and oversee government administration. Upper-class indigenous persons were given autonomy while simultaneously being indoctrinated in the philosophies of Western governance.
imperial rule utilized indigenous institutions to maintain law and order and oversee government administration. Upper-class indigenous persons were given autonomy while simultaneously being indoctrinated in the philosophies of Western governance.
Indirect imperial rule was a hybrid system that used a blend of strong foreign influence and well educated indigenous elites to rule a population. The purpose of this type of rule was to provide some agency to locals while attempting to indoctrinate them with the ruling power’s political philosophy. This type of rule was seen in many British colonies, though it led to future conflicts in some colonies and was abandoned in others in favor of direct imperial rule.
Indirect imperial rule was a hybrid system that used a blend of strong foreign influence and well educated indigenous elites to rule a population. The purpose of this type of rule was to provide some agency to locals while attempting to indoctrinate them with the ruling power’s political philosophy. This type of rule was seen in many British colonies, though it led to future conflicts in some colonies and was abandoned in others in favor of direct imperial rule.
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The Dutch colonized islands of the modern day state of between the 18th and early 20th centuries, where there are numerous accusations of democide and genocide against the native populations.
The Dutch colonized islands of the modern day state of between the 18th and early 20th centuries, where there are numerous accusations of democide and genocide against the native populations.
The Dutch exploration of Indonesia started with the Dutch East India Trading company, who extracted spices from the islands. In the 1800s, the lands controlled by the Dutch East India Trading company came under the control of the Dutch government. The period of colonization of Indonesia by the Dutch is marked by accusations of democide in genocide, most notably in the late 1800s where the Dutch army is accused of massacring the Aceh people on the island of Sumatra.
The Dutch exploration of Indonesia started with the Dutch East India Trading company, who extracted spices from the islands. In the 1800s, the lands controlled by the Dutch East India Trading company came under the control of the Dutch government. The period of colonization of Indonesia by the Dutch is marked by accusations of democide in genocide, most notably in the late 1800s where the Dutch army is accused of massacring the Aceh people on the island of Sumatra.
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In 1823, the stated that any imperialist intervention in the affairs of countries residing in the Americas would lead to a military response from the United States of America.
In 1823, the stated that any imperialist intervention in the affairs of countries residing in the Americas would lead to a military response from the United States of America.
President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, effectively giving the United States of America unilateral control of the Americas by designating itself as the protectorate of the region. The declaration was designed to deter imperial intervention from Europe while also allowing the United States to gain political and economic influence over the region. Any imperialist intention by foreign powers would be viewed as an act of aggression by the United States and would be met with a military response. This doctrine is seen as one of the most important foreign policy decisions in the modern history of the Americas.
President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, effectively giving the United States of America unilateral control of the Americas by designating itself as the protectorate of the region. The declaration was designed to deter imperial intervention from Europe while also allowing the United States to gain political and economic influence over the region. Any imperialist intention by foreign powers would be viewed as an act of aggression by the United States and would be met with a military response. This doctrine is seen as one of the most important foreign policy decisions in the modern history of the Americas.
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After a decisive victory in the Spanish-Cuban-American War, the United States took control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and .
After a decisive victory in the Spanish-Cuban-American War, the United States took control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and .
The United States declared war against Spain in 1898 and the war ended in 1899. The United States easily defeated the Spanish fleets in Havana and Manila. The United States took control of these colonies from the Spanish despite the wish many local populations had to be independent. The Filipinos led a revolt against the U.S. starting in 1902. The justification for bringing these colonies under U.S. protection was to deter other powers such as the Japanese from extending their reach. This war marked the beginning of the United States’ imperial ambitions.
The United States declared war against Spain in 1898 and the war ended in 1899. The United States easily defeated the Spanish fleets in Havana and Manila. The United States took control of these colonies from the Spanish despite the wish many local populations had to be independent. The Filipinos led a revolt against the U.S. starting in 1902. The justification for bringing these colonies under U.S. protection was to deter other powers such as the Japanese from extending their reach. This war marked the beginning of the United States’ imperial ambitions.
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The era, which lasted between 1868-1912, was when the Japanese Empire industrialized and modernized to compete with Western imperial powers.
The era, which lasted between 1868-1912, was when the Japanese Empire industrialized and modernized to compete with Western imperial powers.
The Meiji era is known as the era of restoration in Japan. Headed by Emperor Meiji (a title Mutsuhito gave to himself to mean Enlightened Rule), this period marked the change of Japan from a feudal state to a modern global power. Japan wanted to compete with Western powers and showed imperial ambitions. During this period of rapid modernization, they also fought with others powers including the Russians in 1905 over imperial ambitions in Korea and Northern China.
The Meiji era is known as the era of restoration in Japan. Headed by Emperor Meiji (a title Mutsuhito gave to himself to mean Enlightened Rule), this period marked the change of Japan from a feudal state to a modern global power. Japan wanted to compete with Western powers and showed imperial ambitions. During this period of rapid modernization, they also fought with others powers including the Russians in 1905 over imperial ambitions in Korea and Northern China.
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The was an ambitious project by the British that sought to connect British colonies extending along the south-north axis on the African continent.
The was an ambitious project by the British that sought to connect British colonies extending along the south-north axis on the African continent.
The Cape to Cairo Railway was the brainchild of British imperialist, Cecil Rhodes. The railway was worked on in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but was never completed. The British faced numerous challenges in completing the railway including climate, landscape, and indigenous resistance. While many segments of the railway were completed, the dream of a single railway that could extend from Egypt to South Africa was never achieved.
The Cape to Cairo Railway was the brainchild of British imperialist, Cecil Rhodes. The railway was worked on in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but was never completed. The British faced numerous challenges in completing the railway including climate, landscape, and indigenous resistance. While many segments of the railway were completed, the dream of a single railway that could extend from Egypt to South Africa was never achieved.
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The Ottoman Empire conquered land in Asia Minor with as its capital. The Empire ruled over lands in Africa and the Caucuses and acted as a bridge between civilizations in the East and West.
The Ottoman Empire conquered land in Asia Minor with as its capital. The Empire ruled over lands in Africa and the Caucuses and acted as a bridge between civilizations in the East and West.
The Ottoman Empire fell at the end of WWI and became what is known today as Turkey. Using the powerful and historic port city of Istanbul as its capital, the Ottoman Empire extended over a vast area in the Middle East. This imperial power ruled lands as far off as in the horn of Africa and up into the Caucasus region. While the Ottoman Empire existed for several centuries, its power began to wain in the 19th century when it couldn’t compete with Western imperial powers and fell when it aligned itself with Germany in WWI.
The Ottoman Empire fell at the end of WWI and became what is known today as Turkey. Using the powerful and historic port city of Istanbul as its capital, the Ottoman Empire extended over a vast area in the Middle East. This imperial power ruled lands as far off as in the horn of Africa and up into the Caucasus region. While the Ottoman Empire existed for several centuries, its power began to wain in the 19th century when it couldn’t compete with Western imperial powers and fell when it aligned itself with Germany in WWI.
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This nation took control of Vietnam in the late nineteenth century.
This nation took control of Vietnam in the late nineteenth century.
French trading interest in Vietnam had long been established when France formally took control of the country in 1885, following their victory over China in the Sino-French War. The region was named French Indochina and was administered by France until 1954.
French trading interest in Vietnam had long been established when France formally took control of the country in 1885, following their victory over China in the Sino-French War. The region was named French Indochina and was administered by France until 1954.
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Which organization was established in 1963 to safeguard the sovereignty and territorial integrity of independent African states?
Which organization was established in 1963 to safeguard the sovereignty and territorial integrity of independent African states?
In 1963 the Organisation of African Unity was created to protect African sovereignty. It was succeeded in 2002 by the African Union.
In 1963 the Organisation of African Unity was created to protect African sovereignty. It was succeeded in 2002 by the African Union.
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The collapse of the British Empire began following what major global event?
The collapse of the British Empire began following what major global event?
Following World War I, anti-British sentiment began to grow in the colonies. Desire for self-rule and the frustration of having served a country while incurring massive casualties without thanks led colonies to rally for independence.
Following World War I, anti-British sentiment began to grow in the colonies. Desire for self-rule and the frustration of having served a country while incurring massive casualties without thanks led colonies to rally for independence.
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Which of these was not a precipitating factor in the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
Which of these was not a precipitating factor in the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
The decline of the Ottoman Empire was caused by all of these factors except the emergence of Japan and the United States as imperial powers. In the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire lost out on a great deal of wealth, as more and more trade between Europe and the Far East was being conducted via the ocean rather than over land through Ottoman territory. The empire also suffered as a result of territorial losses to Russia and Austria. Finally, the rise of nationalism led to growing independence movements throughout the Ottoman Empire.
The decline of the Ottoman Empire was caused by all of these factors except the emergence of Japan and the United States as imperial powers. In the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire lost out on a great deal of wealth, as more and more trade between Europe and the Far East was being conducted via the ocean rather than over land through Ottoman territory. The empire also suffered as a result of territorial losses to Russia and Austria. Finally, the rise of nationalism led to growing independence movements throughout the Ottoman Empire.
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Which of these is not a territory gained by the United States in the Spanish-American War?
Which of these is not a territory gained by the United States in the Spanish-American War?
All of these territories were ceded to the United States from Spain at the end of the Spanish-American War, except Hawaii. Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1893 (an action the American government has since declared “unlawful”). Hawaii remained an American territory until 1959 when it became the fiftieth state admitted into the union.
All of these territories were ceded to the United States from Spain at the end of the Spanish-American War, except Hawaii. Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1893 (an action the American government has since declared “unlawful”). Hawaii remained an American territory until 1959 when it became the fiftieth state admitted into the union.
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Why did the British and French governments try to prevent the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
Why did the British and French governments try to prevent the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
European international relations in the nineteenth century were primarily geared around the balance of power - the idea that to preserve peace on the continent, no one power could be allowed to achieve hegemony over the other powers. This led the British and French governments to take a significant interest in the decline of the Ottoman Empire. The British and French feared that a declining Ottoman Empire would cede much of its territory to the growing Russian Empire, which would in turn threaten the balance of power on the European continent. This fear led directly to the Crimean War.
European international relations in the nineteenth century were primarily geared around the balance of power - the idea that to preserve peace on the continent, no one power could be allowed to achieve hegemony over the other powers. This led the British and French governments to take a significant interest in the decline of the Ottoman Empire. The British and French feared that a declining Ottoman Empire would cede much of its territory to the growing Russian Empire, which would in turn threaten the balance of power on the European continent. This fear led directly to the Crimean War.
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In which of these conflicts did the United States emerge as an imperialist power?
In which of these conflicts did the United States emerge as an imperialist power?
The nineteenth century in the United States was a century of isolationism. America largely ignored the rest of the world, and the rest of the world largely ignored America. This all changed with American victory in the Spanish-American War in 1898. This led to the emergence of the United States as an imperial power as America took control of countries like the Philippines and Cuba.
The nineteenth century in the United States was a century of isolationism. America largely ignored the rest of the world, and the rest of the world largely ignored America. This all changed with American victory in the Spanish-American War in 1898. This led to the emergence of the United States as an imperial power as America took control of countries like the Philippines and Cuba.
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What was the first European nation to discover Australia?
What was the first European nation to discover Australia?
While the British famously went on to colonize Australia and many of the surrounding islands, they were not the first to discover its existence and relay that information back to Europe. While on a trade expedition to Indonesia Dutch sailor Willem Janszoon was blown off course. It was there he spotted Australia and made landfall. He was promptly attacked by the local aborigines and he returned to Indonesia.
While the British famously went on to colonize Australia and many of the surrounding islands, they were not the first to discover its existence and relay that information back to Europe. While on a trade expedition to Indonesia Dutch sailor Willem Janszoon was blown off course. It was there he spotted Australia and made landfall. He was promptly attacked by the local aborigines and he returned to Indonesia.
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