Developmental Psychology - AP Psychology

Authoritarian parenting is typically depicted as the parent being controlling and power-assertive over their child. The authoritarian parent expects a lot of their child, and may reject him/her if he/she does not meet their high expectations.

Social comparisons are chracteristic of middle childhood when children begin to notice their relative strengths and weaknesses in comparison to their friends and classmates.

Erikson's theory proposes that individuals have to resolve certain psychological conflicts across the lifespan, which in turn affects their personality development as well as their social and emotional well-being. During middle age, individuals must resolve the generativity vs. stagnation conflict. Individuals who resolve this conflict positively have children and grandchildren, give back to younger generations by mentoring or coaching in their careers, and feel a sense of achievement or accomplishment with passing down their knowledge. Those who resolve the conflict negatively do not interact with young adults and are still focused on themselves and what other people can do for them.

Erikson theorized that "basic trust" is a child's sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy. An infant is able to develop basic trust through positive relationships with his or her caregivers.

Ego integrity vs. despair is the last stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory of the stages of development and corresponds to late adulthood. Individuals who have ego integrity reflect back on their lives and feel as if they have fulfilled their goals related to work and family. They often recognize that any challenges or problems they encountered were necessary for them to grow and make it to the point where they are currently in their lives. They often are not hopeless or regretful and typically do not fear death.

During early adulthood, individuals who have established their identities (i.e. their career, gender, ethnic/racial, moral/religious, political, or sexuality preferences) are often easily able to commit to another person in a romantic relationship. Often times, they have developed secure attachment patterns with their parents/caregivers during infancy and toddlerhood, which impacts their future relationships and friendships. If they are self-absorbed, then they are more likely to isolate themselves from other people.

The evolutionary perspective suggests that women are more attracted to financial stability and ambition because it signals that their mate will protect, provide, and commit to the family. Since women have a limited reproductive capacity and have to carry children, they have to be more selective in who they choose. On the other hand, men are not limited by their reproductive capacity and are attracted to women who seem physically healthy and are able to bear and take care of children.

Developmental psychologists study humans of all ages to observe how different stages of life (e.g., infants, adolescents) react to various stimuli. A significant proportion of research in developmental psychology focuses on children, seeing as childhood sees the greatest amount of change.

Following a Noam Chomsky "nativist" perspective regarding universal grammar, Dr. Lengua thinks people are born with the ability to communicate regardless of their environmental influences. Social interactionist perspective is the opposite view in that individuals learn language and communication through modeling, dialogue, and corrective feedback. Behaviorist and sociocultural are distractors.

An instinct is an innate, fixed pattern of behaviors in response to certain stimuli. Instincts do not need to be learned, and are embedded within an organism at birth. An example of an instinct can be observed in baby kangaroos, or joeys. A joey will immediately climb into its mother's pouch upon being born, without any need for learning such behavior.

Object permanence refers to the ability to know an object still exists even though it is out of sight. Although research on the exact age of onset of object permanence is controversial, the preponderance suggests the age of onset to be between 4 and 8 months old, hence the correct answer in this question is 6 months old. All of the other answer choices are much too late in life for object permanence to first develop.

Alcohol consumption of any amount may cause neurons in an unborn, developing child to overshoot their destinations (especially in the brain and spinal cord), while exposure to radiation may cause neurons to stop short of their final destinations. Consumption of alcohol may result in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Unborn children exposed to alcohol may, as a result, suffer from an abnormally small head, growth problems, learning and behavioral disabilities, lower intelligence, and birth defects.

Twin studies show that parenting has little effect on a child’s personality. When young, infants are generally referred to as “difficult” or “easy going.” These biological personality traits are not greatly influenced by external factors, such as parenting. Parenting does however have a significant influence on a child’s morals, religion, and manners, which can be imposed on a child through discipline and/or exposure. Parenting also influences intelligence, but not to the same extent as morality, religion, or mannerism. Rather, intelligence (and anxiety) is an effect of a child’s secure attachment.

Alfred Binet was a French psychologist, responsible for inventing the first intelligence test. The Binet test was designed to identify French children who were struggling in school. Binet believed that intelligence was not fixed, but that a child could grow into or be pulled to a higher level of intelligence. By taking this test, children who needed help would be given the attention they needed.

Jeffrey Arnett coined the term "emerging adulthood" to describe 18 to 25-year-olds from developed countries who are no longer adolescents, but still lack financial independence from their parents or guardians.

According to Piaget, children develop cognitive and social abilities in a series of 4 stages: sensorimotor (birth to 2 years), preoperational (2-7 years), concrete operational (7-11 years), and formal operational (12 years to adulthood). Egocentrism, according to Piagetian theory, refers to a child's belief that other people experience life in the same way that he or she does. Egocentric beliefs and behavior tend to decrease during the concrete operational stage; however, some egocentrism continues into adolescence.

The word "teratogen" refers to any substance that hinders fetal or embryonic development and can cause permanent harm to the baby. Examples of teratogen-caused harm to the baby include poor bonding, fetal alcohol syndrome, and higher rates of antisocial behavior.

Twin studies measure the impact of a person's genetics on their development of a certain personality trait. Because monozygotic (identical) twins share 100% of their DNA while dizygotic (fraternal) twins share only 50%, the similarities of results from a pair of identical twins can be compared to the similarities between a pair fraternal twins to estimate the heritability of a personality trait. The heritability of personality traits is a central question of the Nature vs. Nurture debate, which revolves around the extent to which genetic or environmental factors influence development.

All of these things affect the development of a human before they are even born. Children exposed to tobacco, excessive alcohol, and narcotics in utero can be at risk for potential birth defects. The most powerful factor in prenatal development, however, is genetics. A child's genetic predisposition to deformities or childhood illnesses are a huge factor in that child's development.