Individual Psychology and Behavior - AP Psychology

The Set Point Theory is the theory that the hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain ideal body weight. Once we reach that set point, our metabolism kicks in to burn off the excess food.

Hyperopia, or farsightedness, is a condition of the eye in which a person cannot "focus on near objects." They are able to perceive distant objects without difficulty, but objects nearby will appear blurry and out of focus. This is in contrast to myopia, in which distant objects appear blurry, and near ones clear.

Hyperopia has no impact on the perception of color. It is easily treated through corrective lenses or LASIK.

The iris is the colored center portion of the surface of the eye that controls the expansion and constriction of the pupil. This is done to allow more light into the eye in dim lighting conditions, and to restrict light from coming into the eye in bright lighting conditions. As a result, the iris controls the "diameter of the pupil," and how much light enters the eye.

The iris does not control the shape of the lens. This is performed by the ciliary muscles, which focus the lens by changing its shape. The sensitivity of the retina to light does not change aside from injury or damage.

The correct answer was this: the article "the" must come before a noun due to the rule concerning proper noun phrases in English. Syntax is primarily concerned with how to combine words according to the grammatical rules of a language. For instance, according to the syntax of English, determiners will always come before both the adjective and noun in a noun phrase. Hence, we say "the happy dog" instead of "dog happy the".

The point at which the axons coming from each eye cross over and project to the opposite side of the brain is called the optic chiasm. The optic disk is the point at which the optic nerve exist the back of the eye to go into the brain. The lateral geniculate nucleus is an area in the brain positioned behind the optic chiasm (after the cross over takes place). The superior colliculus is even father behind the lateral geniculate nucleus and projects the image to the primary visual cortex.

Social comparisons are chracteristic of middle childhood when children begin to notice their relative strengths and weaknesses in comparison to their friends and classmates.

The three bones are collectively known as ossicles. The ossicles transmit the vibrations of the eardrum further into the ear. The cochlea, eardrum, and pinna are all different parts of the ear and are not bones.

A “generalized reinforcer” is the correct answer, because a generalized reinforcer obtains reinforcing functionality through its association with other reinforcers (i.e. money can be used to purchase things that may act as reinforcers themselves).

Rods and cones convert sensory information (e.g. light) into neural signals. Hair cells serve the same purpose, but with sound. In other words, the hair cells convert sensory information (e.g. vibrations) into neural signals. Since rods and cones are located in the retina, the word that goes in the blank should be where hair cells are located. Hair cells are located in the cochlea. The pinna and eardrum are both possible locations, but they do not contain hair cells.

The sense of taste is achieved through the taste buds on the tongue. Papillae are the little bumps on the tongue where taste buds cluster, but they are not actually involved in sensory processes. The teeth and gums have alternate functions and are not involved in the sensation.

There are five main sensory systems in the body relating to our senses. The olfactory system is the one that deals with smell. The gustatory system involves taste, the auditory system sound, and the nervous system involves all senses.

"Alleles" are the different versions of a gene. Alleles can have varying patterns of inheritance like dominant alleles and recessive alleles. They can be found at the same location on a specific chromosome.

Information only remains in our short-term memory for about 30 seconds. At the end of this time, this information is either forgotten or transferred to long-term memory.

Psychoanalysts use both of these projective tests in the attempt to access a patient's unconscious mind. The idea behind their use is the possibility that what sense the patient makes of an inkblot or the story they create behind an ambiguous picture will reveal hidden emotions, conflicts, or desires that have been troubling him/her without his/her direct knowledge.

Aptitude tests are used to determine an individual's underlying capacity or talent at a task; aptitudes can be mental or physical. Intelligence tests are used strictly in an attempt to measure mental acuity. Achievement tests are used to test both skill and aptitude. Morality tests are used to assess individuals' response to specific, moral situations.

Erikson theorized that "basic trust" is a child's sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy. An infant is able to develop basic trust through positive relationships with his or her caregivers.

Intrinsic motivation is when someone completes an action because the action itself is an enjoyable process. This contrasts with external motivation, where an action is completed in order to gain external reward or avoid a negative external consequence. If I'm painting a landscape because I need money and someone will buy my painting, I may enjoy painting it, but this will have been an externally motivated behavior. If I engage in an action like reading, drawing, or the like, because it is pleasurable and there is no expectation of reward, this is intrinsically motivated.

Authoritarian parenting is typically depicted as the parent being controlling and power-assertive over their child. The authoritarian parent expects a lot of their child, and may reject him/her if he/she does not meet their high expectations.

“Zygote to embryo to fetus” is the correct order. In development, a zygote is defined as a fertilized egg cell. An embryo forms at about 2 weeks post fertilization. Last, a fetus is the developing human from 9 weeks until birth.

Myelin is a white, fatty compound that surrounds the axons of white matter neurons. Its purpose is to increase the speed of an action potential.