History and Research - AP Psychology
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A researcher wants to run a study to figure out whether people who drink water are happier than people who drink soda. In order to figure this out, the researcher tests the happiness of the subjects, has them do a long puzzle to distract them, has them drink either the water or the soda, and then tests their happiness again. If the subjects' happiness goes down because they did the puzzle in between the two happiness tests, what kind of experimental error is this?
A researcher wants to run a study to figure out whether people who drink water are happier than people who drink soda. In order to figure this out, the researcher tests the happiness of the subjects, has them do a long puzzle to distract them, has them drink either the water or the soda, and then tests their happiness again. If the subjects' happiness goes down because they did the puzzle in between the two happiness tests, what kind of experimental error is this?
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Order effects occur when the order of the tasks in a study affects the outcomes.
A confounding variable is a variable besides the IV affects the DV in a systematic way that makes it hard to tell what the IV’s effect is on the DV.
Participant bias is when the participant accidentally affects the results of the study by doing or saying what they think the experimenter wants them to do or say rather than what they naturally would.
Experimenter bias is when the experimenter affects the results of their own study because of their expectations.
The placebo effect occurs when a participant does not have the treatment but has effects from believing that they had the treatment.
Order effects occur when the order of the tasks in a study affects the outcomes.
A confounding variable is a variable besides the IV affects the DV in a systematic way that makes it hard to tell what the IV’s effect is on the DV.
Participant bias is when the participant accidentally affects the results of the study by doing or saying what they think the experimenter wants them to do or say rather than what they naturally would.
Experimenter bias is when the experimenter affects the results of their own study because of their expectations.
The placebo effect occurs when a participant does not have the treatment but has effects from believing that they had the treatment.
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A researcher wants to run a study to figure out whether people who drink water are happier than people who drink soda. If some of the subjects are led to believe that they drank something (when they didn't) and their happiness changes, what experimental error is this an example of?
A researcher wants to run a study to figure out whether people who drink water are happier than people who drink soda. If some of the subjects are led to believe that they drank something (when they didn't) and their happiness changes, what experimental error is this an example of?
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The placebo effect occurs when a participant does not have the treatment but has effects from believing that they had the treatment.
Order effects occur when the order of the tasks in a study affects the outcomes.
A confounding variable is a variable besides the IV affects the DV in a systematic way that makes it hard to tell what the IV’s effect is on the DV.
Participant bias is when the participant accidentally affects the results of the study by doing or saying what they think the experimenter wants them to do or say rather than what they naturally would.
Experimenter bias is when the experimenter affects the results of their own study because of their expectations.
The placebo effect occurs when a participant does not have the treatment but has effects from believing that they had the treatment.
Order effects occur when the order of the tasks in a study affects the outcomes.
A confounding variable is a variable besides the IV affects the DV in a systematic way that makes it hard to tell what the IV’s effect is on the DV.
Participant bias is when the participant accidentally affects the results of the study by doing or saying what they think the experimenter wants them to do or say rather than what they naturally would.
Experimenter bias is when the experimenter affects the results of their own study because of their expectations.
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What is the experimental design term for a study in which the subjects do not know whether they belong to the experimental or control group?
What is the experimental design term for a study in which the subjects do not know whether they belong to the experimental or control group?
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A single blind experiment is when the subjects do not know all of the information about the study while it is occurring, especially which group (experimental or control) they belong to.
A double blind experiment is when neither the experimenter nor the subjects know which subjects are in the experimental and which are in the control group.
Counterbalancing is when different sets of participants get all of the conditions of the study in different orders so that order effects are accounted for.
Control is the way that experimenters try to minimize the effects of any other variables besides the IV and DV.
Correlation is a number that describes the relationship between two variables.
A single blind experiment is when the subjects do not know all of the information about the study while it is occurring, especially which group (experimental or control) they belong to.
A double blind experiment is when neither the experimenter nor the subjects know which subjects are in the experimental and which are in the control group.
Counterbalancing is when different sets of participants get all of the conditions of the study in different orders so that order effects are accounted for.
Control is the way that experimenters try to minimize the effects of any other variables besides the IV and DV.
Correlation is a number that describes the relationship between two variables.
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Which of the following describes a study in which neither the experimenters nor the subjects know all of the information about the study, such as who is in the experimental group and who in the control, in order to reduce bias?
Which of the following describes a study in which neither the experimenters nor the subjects know all of the information about the study, such as who is in the experimental group and who in the control, in order to reduce bias?
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A double blind experiment is when neither the experimenter nor the subjects know which subjects are in the experimental and which are in the control group.
A single blind experiment is when the subjects do not know all of the information about the study while it is occurring, especially which group (experimental or control) they belong to.
Counterbalancing is when different sets of participants get all of the conditions of the study in different orders so that order effects are accounted for.
Control is the way that experimenters try to minimize the effects of any other variables besides the IV and DV.
Correlation is a number that describes the relationship between two variables.
A double blind experiment is when neither the experimenter nor the subjects know which subjects are in the experimental and which are in the control group.
A single blind experiment is when the subjects do not know all of the information about the study while it is occurring, especially which group (experimental or control) they belong to.
Counterbalancing is when different sets of participants get all of the conditions of the study in different orders so that order effects are accounted for.
Control is the way that experimenters try to minimize the effects of any other variables besides the IV and DV.
Correlation is a number that describes the relationship between two variables.
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What is the experimental design term for the ways in which experimenters try to minimize the effects of outside factors in a study?
What is the experimental design term for the ways in which experimenters try to minimize the effects of outside factors in a study?
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Control is the way that experimenters try to minimize the effects of any other variables besides the IV and DV.
A double blind experiment is when neither the experimenter nor the subjects know which subjects are in the experimental and which are in the control group.
A single blind experiment is when the subjects do not know all of the information about the study while it is occurring, especially which group (experimental or control) they belong to.
Correlation is a number that describes the relationship between two variables.
Counterbalancing is when different sets of participants get all of the conditions of the study in different orders so that order effects are accounted for.
Control is the way that experimenters try to minimize the effects of any other variables besides the IV and DV.
A double blind experiment is when neither the experimenter nor the subjects know which subjects are in the experimental and which are in the control group.
A single blind experiment is when the subjects do not know all of the information about the study while it is occurring, especially which group (experimental or control) they belong to.
Correlation is a number that describes the relationship between two variables.
Counterbalancing is when different sets of participants get all of the conditions of the study in different orders so that order effects are accounted for.
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What is the term for the relationship between two variables?
What is the term for the relationship between two variables?
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Correlation is a number that describes the relationship between two variables.
A double blind experiment is when neither the experimenter nor the subjects know which subjects are in the experimental and which are in the control group.
A single blind experiment is when the subjects do not know all of the information about the study while it is occurring, especially which group (experimental or control) they belong to.
Control is the way that experimenters try to minimize the effects of any other variables besides the IV and DV.
Counterbalancing is when different sets of participants get all of the conditions of the study in different orders so that order effects are accounted for.
Correlation is a number that describes the relationship between two variables.
A double blind experiment is when neither the experimenter nor the subjects know which subjects are in the experimental and which are in the control group.
A single blind experiment is when the subjects do not know all of the information about the study while it is occurring, especially which group (experimental or control) they belong to.
Control is the way that experimenters try to minimize the effects of any other variables besides the IV and DV.
Counterbalancing is when different sets of participants get all of the conditions of the study in different orders so that order effects are accounted for.
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A researcher is curious about how temperature relates to aggression and predicts that as the temperature in a room increases, a measure of the subject's aggression will increase as well. What is the experimental design term for the researcher's prediction about temperature's relationship to aggression?
A researcher is curious about how temperature relates to aggression and predicts that as the temperature in a room increases, a measure of the subject's aggression will increase as well. What is the experimental design term for the researcher's prediction about temperature's relationship to aggression?
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A “variable” is described something that varies between people or objects—in this case, temperature and aggression are the variables. The “independent variable” (IV) is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher (temperature) and the “dependent variable” (DV) is the variable that changes as a result of a change in the IV (aggression). A “hypothesis” describes the relationship between variables and is generally what the researcher predicts will happen (i.e. “as the temperature in a room increases, a measure of the subject's aggression will increase as well”). Last, a “theory” is a principle or set of principles that explains a phenomenon.
A “variable” is described something that varies between people or objects—in this case, temperature and aggression are the variables. The “independent variable” (IV) is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher (temperature) and the “dependent variable” (DV) is the variable that changes as a result of a change in the IV (aggression). A “hypothesis” describes the relationship between variables and is generally what the researcher predicts will happen (i.e. “as the temperature in a room increases, a measure of the subject's aggression will increase as well”). Last, a “theory” is a principle or set of principles that explains a phenomenon.
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Can a researcher's hypothesis ever be proven?
Can a researcher's hypothesis ever be proven?
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Proving a hypothesis is actually impossible—we can only fail to disprove or add support for a hypothesis. Essentially, the closest we can get to "proving" a hypothesis is to not find evidence that contradicts it. This is because there could always be an exception to the hypothesis that we have not discovered.
Proving a hypothesis is actually impossible—we can only fail to disprove or add support for a hypothesis. Essentially, the closest we can get to "proving" a hypothesis is to not find evidence that contradicts it. This is because there could always be an exception to the hypothesis that we have not discovered.
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A researcher is curious about how temperature relates to aggression and predicts that as the temperature in a room increases, a measure of the subject's aggression will increase as well. What questions might the researcher want to consider in order to develop operational definitions for her variables?
A researcher is curious about how temperature relates to aggression and predicts that as the temperature in a room increases, a measure of the subject's aggression will increase as well. What questions might the researcher want to consider in order to develop operational definitions for her variables?
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When one operationally defines a variable, they translate an idea into a concrete operation that can be measured. For example, the concept of "aggression" might be operationally defined as "the number of times someone punches a wall in a 5 minute period." In order to get from the concept to the concrete, the researcher has to consider a lot of questions about how the idea will be specifically measured within the study.
When one operationally defines a variable, they translate an idea into a concrete operation that can be measured. For example, the concept of "aggression" might be operationally defined as "the number of times someone punches a wall in a 5 minute period." In order to get from the concept to the concrete, the researcher has to consider a lot of questions about how the idea will be specifically measured within the study.
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What is the objective for selecting a sample out of the population?
What is the objective for selecting a sample out of the population?
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The ideal sample that is chosen out of a population is a representative sample, which means that the makeup of the sample generally matches the makeup of the population. The sample is often chosen through the process of random sampling, but the sample itself is not random. Also, increasing the size of the sample increases the chance that it will be representative but a large sample is not the goal of picking the sample.
The ideal sample that is chosen out of a population is a representative sample, which means that the makeup of the sample generally matches the makeup of the population. The sample is often chosen through the process of random sampling, but the sample itself is not random. Also, increasing the size of the sample increases the chance that it will be representative but a large sample is not the goal of picking the sample.
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What is the main benefit of choosing a large sample for a study (as opposed to a smaller one)?
What is the main benefit of choosing a large sample for a study (as opposed to a smaller one)?
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The ideal sample that is chosen out of a population is a representative sample, which means that the makeup of the sample generally matches the makeup of the population. The main benefit of choosing a larger sample is that it is more likely to be representative of the population; however, unless the sample includes the entire population (which it rarely, rarely does), it does not guarantee that it will be representative. However, larger samples are often more time consuming, harder to coordinate, and more costly, so those drawbacks have to be balanced.
The ideal sample that is chosen out of a population is a representative sample, which means that the makeup of the sample generally matches the makeup of the population. The main benefit of choosing a larger sample is that it is more likely to be representative of the population; however, unless the sample includes the entire population (which it rarely, rarely does), it does not guarantee that it will be representative. However, larger samples are often more time consuming, harder to coordinate, and more costly, so those drawbacks have to be balanced.
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What is the main difference between laboratory experiments and field experiments?
What is the main difference between laboratory experiments and field experiments?
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The difference between laboratory experiments and field experiments is not the number of subjects, but the place where they are conducted-the lab or the outside world. Lab experiments are more easily controlled whereas field experiments are more realistic.
The difference between laboratory experiments and field experiments is not the number of subjects, but the place where they are conducted-the lab or the outside world. Lab experiments are more easily controlled whereas field experiments are more realistic.
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A researcher wants to run a study to figure out whether people who drink water are happier than people who drink soda. If a subject who gets water believes that people who drink water are happier and therefore acts happier, which experimental error is this?
A researcher wants to run a study to figure out whether people who drink water are happier than people who drink soda. If a subject who gets water believes that people who drink water are happier and therefore acts happier, which experimental error is this?
Tap to reveal answer
Participant bias is when the participant accidentally affects the results of the study by doing or saying what they think the experimenter wants them to do or say rather than what they naturally would.
Experimenter bias is when the experimenter affects the results of their own study because of their expectations.
A confounding variable is a variable besides the IV affects the DV in a systematic way that makes it hard to tell what the IV’s effect is on the DV.
The placebo effect occurs when a participant does not have the treatment but has effects from believing that they had the treatment.
Order effects occur when the order of the tasks in a study affects the outcomes.
Participant bias is when the participant accidentally affects the results of the study by doing or saying what they think the experimenter wants them to do or say rather than what they naturally would.
Experimenter bias is when the experimenter affects the results of their own study because of their expectations.
A confounding variable is a variable besides the IV affects the DV in a systematic way that makes it hard to tell what the IV’s effect is on the DV.
The placebo effect occurs when a participant does not have the treatment but has effects from believing that they had the treatment.
Order effects occur when the order of the tasks in a study affects the outcomes.
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A researcher wants to run a study to figure out whether people who drink water are happier than people who drink soda. When the drinks are given to the subjects, all the water is put in blue cups and all the soda is put in red cups. What kind of experimental error is the change in color?
A researcher wants to run a study to figure out whether people who drink water are happier than people who drink soda. When the drinks are given to the subjects, all the water is put in blue cups and all the soda is put in red cups. What kind of experimental error is the change in color?
Tap to reveal answer
A confounding variable is a variable besides the IV affects the DV in a systematic way that makes it hard to tell what the IV’s effect is on the DV.
Participant bias is when the participant accidentally affects the results of the study by doing or saying what they think the experimenter wants them to do or say rather than what they naturally would.
Experimenter bias is when the experimenter affects the results of their own study because of their expectations.
The placebo effect occurs when a participant does not have the treatment but has effects from believing that they had the treatment.
Order effects occur when the order of the tasks in a study affects the outcomes.
A confounding variable is a variable besides the IV affects the DV in a systematic way that makes it hard to tell what the IV’s effect is on the DV.
Participant bias is when the participant accidentally affects the results of the study by doing or saying what they think the experimenter wants them to do or say rather than what they naturally would.
Experimenter bias is when the experimenter affects the results of their own study because of their expectations.
The placebo effect occurs when a participant does not have the treatment but has effects from believing that they had the treatment.
Order effects occur when the order of the tasks in a study affects the outcomes.
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Which is not one of the Big Five personality traits?
Which is not one of the Big Five personality traits?
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Happiness is not one of the Big Five personality traits. The other four choices are, along with openness.
Happiness is not one of the Big Five personality traits. The other four choices are, along with openness.
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Which scientist most directly influenced William James?
Which scientist most directly influenced William James?
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The functionalism school of thought is influenced by natural selection which was described by Charles Darwin in his work "On the Origin of Species." Williams incorporated aspects of survival in his idea of biological and intellectual fitness. The other scientists did not directly influence the theories of William James.
The functionalism school of thought is influenced by natural selection which was described by Charles Darwin in his work "On the Origin of Species." Williams incorporated aspects of survival in his idea of biological and intellectual fitness. The other scientists did not directly influence the theories of William James.
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John Locke described the human mind at birth as a tabula rasa, meaning .
John Locke described the human mind at birth as a tabula rasa, meaning .
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Locke, a staunch Empiricist, believed that we can only acquire knowledge from observation and experience; in fact, he argued that we are born without any knowledge at all. Thus, he considered the human mind at birth a tabula rasa, or "blank slate".
Locke, a staunch Empiricist, believed that we can only acquire knowledge from observation and experience; in fact, he argued that we are born without any knowledge at all. Thus, he considered the human mind at birth a tabula rasa, or "blank slate".
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Albert Bandura was famous for championing which learning theory?
Albert Bandura was famous for championing which learning theory?
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Albert Bandura is the creator of the social learning theory. This theory states that people can learn simply by observing others in a social context. His most famous social learning experiment was the Bobo Doll experiment.
Albert Bandura is the creator of the social learning theory. This theory states that people can learn simply by observing others in a social context. His most famous social learning experiment was the Bobo Doll experiment.
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Which of the following is associated with John Locke's concept of the mind?
Which of the following is associated with John Locke's concept of the mind?
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"Tabula rasa" is Latin for "empty slate." John Locke proposed that the mind was an initially empty slate that could be filled with the empirical observations one makes about the world. This contradicts many things we now know about the brain, namely the conventions of innate capacities such as the abilities to acquire language, learn motor skills, process stimuli, etc. Locke claimed we are born with no prior knowledge.
"Tabula rasa" is Latin for "empty slate." John Locke proposed that the mind was an initially empty slate that could be filled with the empirical observations one makes about the world. This contradicts many things we now know about the brain, namely the conventions of innate capacities such as the abilities to acquire language, learn motor skills, process stimuli, etc. Locke claimed we are born with no prior knowledge.
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Which of the following is a branch of applied psychology?
Which of the following is a branch of applied psychology?
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Applied psychology includes branches of psychology that involve working directly with people. Some of the most popular branches of applied psychology are clinical psychology, counseling psychology, and school psychology.
Applied psychology includes branches of psychology that involve working directly with people. Some of the most popular branches of applied psychology are clinical psychology, counseling psychology, and school psychology.
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