Waves - AP Physics 2

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Question

As a wave propagates from one medium to another, the speed decreases by a factor of two (halves). Which of the following is true about the wave in the second medium?

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Answer

$v=\lambda f$ , where is the velocity of the wave, $\lambda$ is the wavelength of the wave, and is the frequency. When the speed is cut in half, the frequency does not change! However, that means the wavelength is directly proportional to the speed and will also be cut in half.

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Question

What is defined by the term wavelength?

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Answer

Wavelength and frequency are inversely related. We define the wavelength of a wave as the distance between the two subsequent waves measured at the same point on the wave. Therefore, we can measure from crest to crest or trough to trough.

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Question

When light interferes, the result is light overall, and when light interferes, the result is light overall.

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Answer

Because light has properties of waves, it can have interference. When two crests of the wave meet, this is known as constructive interference, and results in the two crests adding, meaning the light gets brighter. When a crest and a trough meet, this is known as destructive interference, and results in the two partially or completely cancelling each other out, making the observed light less bright.

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Question

Suppose a car moves at $15 \frac{\textup{m}}{\textup{s}}$ and produces a $500 \textup{Hz}$ honk. A runner running at $3 \frac{\textup{m}}{\textup{s}}$ approaches the car. About what frequency does the runner hear?

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Answer

This scenario deals with both a moving source and a moving observer.

Write the correct Doppler effect formula for this case.

$\large f'=(\frac{1\pm\frac{u_o}{v}}{1\pm\frac{u_s}{v}}) f$

Since the observer and the source are both approaching, the numerator will have a positive sign and the denominator will have a negative sign. The speed of sound is $343 \frac{\textup{m}}{\textup{s}}$ . Substitute all the knowns and find the frequency.

$\large f'=(\frac{1+\frac{3\frac{\textup{m}}{\textup{s}}}{343\frac{\textup{m}}{\textup{s}}}}{1-\frac{15\frac{\textup{m}}{\textup{s}}}{343\frac{\textup{m}}{\textup{s}}}})(500 \textup{ Hz})=(\frac{173}{164})(500)$

$f=527 \textup{ Hz}$

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Question

A bat is flying towards a stationary wall at a constant speed of $50\frac{m}{s}$ . The bat emits a sound of towards the wall, which is then reflected back at the bat. If the speed of sound in air is $343\frac{m}{s}$ , what is the frequency of sound that the bat experiences?

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Answer

To answer this question, it's imperative to realize that we'll need to use the equation for the doppler effect. First, we'll need to calculate the frequency of the sound that reaches the wall. Then, we'll have to calculate the frequency of the reflected wave that reaches the bat.

The doppler effect equation is:

$f_{observed}=f\frac{\left ( v\pm v_{observer}\right )}{\left ( v\pm v_{source}\right )}$

In the first case, we'll consider the frequency received by the wall. The bat is the source in this scenario, which is moving, while the wall is the stationary observer. Therefore, the $v_{observer}$ term in the above equation is 0. Moreover, since the bat is moving towards the wall, we should expect the frequency received by the wall to be larger than the original frequency. Hence, we will need to subtract the speed of the source in the denominator, since that will result in the expected increase in observed frequency.

$f^{}=f\frac{v}{\left ( v-v_{source}\right )}=125:Hz\left ( \frac{343: \frac{m}{s}}{343: \frac{m}{s}-50: \frac{m}{s}} \right )=146.3:Hz$

Now that we have the frequency relfected from the wall, we can calculate the frequency that the bat will experience. In this scenario, the wall is now the source. But because it isn't moving, we can say that the $v_{source}$ term in the doppler equation is 0. Likewise, the bat is now the observer in this case and is still moving at a speed of $50: \frac{m}{s}$ . Also, because the bat is moving towards the source, then conceptually we should expect the bat to observe a frequency that is greater than that reflected by the wall. To ensure this, we will need to add the $v_{observer}$ term in the numerator of the doppler equation.

$f^{''}=f^{_{}}\left ( \frac{v+v_{observer}}{v}\right )=146.3:Hz\left ( \frac{343: \frac{m}{s}+50: \frac{m}{s}}{343: \frac{m}{s}} \right )=167.6:Hz$

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Question

If a music box produces a tone of $500 \textup{Hz}$ as a boy is running towards the music box at $2 \frac{m}{s}$ , what is the frequency the boy hears?

$v_{sound:in:air} = 343\frac{m}{s}$

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Answer

The formula for the Doppler effect of the moving observer is:

$f'=(1\pm \frac{u}{v})f$

Since the boy is approaching, the positive sign will be used. The velocity of sound is $343 \frac{\textup{m}}{\textup{s}}$ . Substitute the knowns into the formula.

$f'=(1+ \frac{2\frac{\textup{m}}{\textup{s}}}{343\frac{\textup{m}}{\textup{s}}})(500 \frac{1}{\textup{s}})=502.915 \textup{Hz}$

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Question

Suppose that two cars are moving towards one another, and each is traveling at a speed of $30: \frac{m}{s}$ . If one of the cars begins to beep its horn at a frequency of , what is the wavelength perceived by the other car?

$v_{sound}=343\frac{m}{s}$

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Answer

We are being told that two cars are moving towards one another, and one of the cars is emitting a sound at a certain frequency. The other car will, in turn, perceive this sound at a different frequency because both cars are moving relative to one another. Therefore, we can classify this problem as one involving the concept of the Doppler effect.

$f_{observed}=f_{source}\frac{v\pm v_{detector}}{v\pm v_{source}}$

Since the two cars are moving towards one another, we can conclude that the observed frequency should be greater than the source frequency. In order to make that true, we'll need to add in the numerator above, and subtract in the denominator.

$f_{observed}=300Hz\left(\frac{343+30}{343-30}\right)$

$f_{observed}=357.5 Hz$

But we're not done yet. The question is asking for the perceived wavelength, not the perceived frequency. Hence, we'll need to convert frequency into wavelength using the following formula:

$v=f\lambda$

$\lambda =\frac{v}{f}$

$\lambda =\frac{343 \frac{m}{s}}{357.5 s^{-1}}=0.959m=95.9cm$

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Question

A motorcycle is receding at $15\frac{m}{s}$ . Normally, the exhaust note has frequency . Determine the perceived frequency if the speed of sound is $340.9\frac{m}{s}$ .

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Answer

Use the Doppler effect equation for receding sources:

$f_{observed}=\frac{v}{v+v_{source}}f_{source}$

Where is the speed of sound in the current medium

Plug in values:

$f_{observed}=\frac{340.9}{340.9+15}105$

$f_{observed}=100.6Hz$

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Question

A train is receding at $15\frac{m}{s}$ with it's horn on. Normally, the horn has frequency . Determine the perceived frequency if the speed of sound is $340.9\frac{m}{s}$ .

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Answer

Use the Doppler effect equation for receding sources:

$f_{observed}=\frac{v}{v+v_{source}}f_{source}$

Where is the speed of sound in the current medium

Plug in values:

$f_{observed}=\frac{340.9}{340.9+15}350$

$f_{observed}=335Hz$

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Question

A motorcycle is approaching at $55\frac{m}{s}$ . Normally, the exhaust note has frequency . Determine the perceived frequency if the speed of sound is $340.9\frac{m}{s}$ .

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Answer

Use the Doppler effect equation for approaching sources:

$f_{observed}=\frac{v}{v-v_{source}}f_{source}$

Where is the speed of sound in the current medium.

Plug in values:

$f_{observed}=\frac{340.9}{340.9-55}105$

$f_{observed}=125Hz$

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Question

A train is approaching at $35\frac{m}{s}$ with it's horn on. Normally, the horn has frequency . Determine the perceived frequency if the speed of sound is $340.9\frac{m}{s}$ .

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Answer

Use the Doppler effect equation for approaching sources:

$f_{observed}=\frac{v}{v-v_{source}}f_{source}$

Where is the speed of sound in the current medium.

Plug in values:

$f_{observed}=\frac{340.9}{340.9-35}350$

$f_{observed}=390Hz$

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Question

An ambulance is approaching at $15\frac{m}{s}$ with it's siren on. Normally, the siren has frequency . Determine the perceived frequency if the speed of sound is $340.9\frac{m}{s}$ .

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Answer

Use the Doppler effect equation for approaching sources:

$f_{observed}=\frac{v}{v-v_{source}}f_{source}$

Where is the speed of sound in the current medium.

Plug in values:

$f_{observed}=\frac{340.9}{340.9-15}700$

$f_{observed}=732Hz$

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Question

An ambulance is receding at $15\frac{m}{s}$ with it's siren on. Normally, the siren has frequency . Determine the perceived frequency if the speed of sound is $340.9\frac{m}{s}$ .

Tap to reveal answer

Answer

Use the Doppler effect equation for receding sources:

$f_{observed}=\frac{v}{v+v_{source}}f_{source}$

Where is the speed of sound in the current medium

Plug in values:

$f_{observed}=\frac{340.9}{340.9+15}700$

$f_{observed}=670Hz$

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Question

A train is receding at $45\ \frac{\textup{m}}{\textup{s}}$ with it's horn on. Normally, the siren has frequency $350\textup{ Hz}$ . Determine the perceived frequency if the speed of sound is $340.9\ \frac{\textup{m}}{\textup{s}}$ .

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Answer

Using the Doppler effect equation for receding sources:

$f_{observed}=\frac{v}{v+v_{source}}f_{source}$

Where is the speed of sound in the current medium

Plugging in values:

$f_{observed}=\frac{340.9}{340.9+45}350$

$f_{observed}=309Hz$

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Question

How fast would a car have to go to see a red light () appear green ()?

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Answer

Use the following formula:

$\lambda_{observed}=(1-\frac{v_s}{v})\lambda_{source}$

Where

is the velocity of the source

is the velocity of light in the medium

$\lambda_{source}$ is the source wavelength

$\lambda_{observed}$ is the observed wavelength

Solve for :

$(1-\frac{\lambda_{observed}}{\lambda_{source}})v=v_s$

Plug in values:

$(1-\frac{535}{685})3.010^8=v_s$

$6.5710^7\frac{m}{s}=v_s$

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Question

A train is approaching at $60\frac{m}{s}$ with it's horn on. Normally, the horn has frequency . Determine the perceived frequency if the speed of sound is $340.9\frac{m}{s}$ .

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Answer

Use the Doppler effect equation for approaching sources:

$f_{observed}=\frac{v}{v-v_{source}}f_{source}$

Where is the speed of sound in the current medium

Plug in values:

$f_{observed}=\frac{340.9}{340.9-15}700$

$f_{observed}=425Hz$

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Question

A motorcycle is receding at $25\ \frac{\textup{m}}{\textup{s}}$ . Normally, the exhaust note has frequency $105\textup{ Hz}$ . Determine the perceived frequency if the speed of sound is $340.9\ \frac{\textup{m}}{\textup{s}}$ .

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Answer

Using the doppler effect equation for receding sources:

$f_{observed}=\frac{v}{v+v_{source}}f_{source}$

Where is the speed of sound in the current medium

Plugging in values:

$f_{observed}=\frac{340.9}{340.9+25}105$

$f_{observed}=97.8\textup{ Hz}$

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Question

How fast towards an observer would a red $(\lambda=700\textup{ nm})$ car have to be moving in order to appear yellow $(\lambda=580\textup{ nm})$ ?

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Answer

Using the Doppler effect equation for approaching sources:

$f_{observed}=\frac{v}{v-v_{source}}f_{source}$

Where is the speed of the wave in the medium, which in this case is the speed of light,

$c=\lambda f$

Combining equations

$\frac{c}{\lambda_o}=\frac{c}{c-v_{source}}\frac{c}{\lambda_s}$

Solving for $v_{source}$ :

$c-\frac{\lambda_o}{\lambda_s}c=v_s$

$3.010^8-\frac{580}{700}3.010^8=v_s$

$v_s=5.14*10^7\frac{m}{s}$

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Question

An ambulance is receding at $30\ \frac{\textup{m}}{\textup{s}}$ with it's siren on. Normally, the siren has frequency $700\textup{ Hz}$ . Determine the perceived frequency if the speed of sound is $340.9\ \frac{\textup{m}}{\textup{s}}$ .

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Answer

Using the Doppler effect equation for receding sources:

$f_{observed}=\frac{v}{v+v_{source}}f_{source}$

Where is the speed of sound in the current medium

Plugging in values:

$f_{observed}=\frac{340.9}{340.9+30}700$

$f_{observed}=643Hz$

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Question

A rocket ship traveling towards an observer flashes a red light $\lambda=700nm$ . How fast would it have to be traveling for the wavelength to be cut in half?

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Answer

Doppler effect:

$\frac{\Delta \lambda}{\lambda}=\frac{v_{source}}{c}$

Where $\Delta \lambda$ is the change in wavelength

$\lambda$ is the original wavelength

$v_{source}$ is the velocity of the source

is the speed of light

Plugging in values:

$\frac{350}{700}=\frac{v}{3.010^8 \frac{m}{s}}$

Solving for

$v=1.510^{8}\frac{m}{s}$

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