Industrialization & Economic Development - AP Human Geography

In the Netherlands, the water had taken over much of the land that had been used by inhabitants. However, through the use of polders, they were able to construct anyways through the use of dikes.

Photochemical smog is the air pollution that occurs when sunlight reacts with other pollutants in the air. Greenhouse gases and ozone are not necessarily pollutants and do not produce hazy clouds. Chlorofluorocarbons are said to make holes in the ozone, and nitrogen deposition describes atmospheric nitrogen entering the biosphere.

Pollutants from nonpoint sources are usually greater in quantity.

The Core-Periphery Model is used by geographers to describe the division of the world into three segments. The “core,” places like most of Europe and North America, where standards of living are high and most of the world’s products are consumed; the “semi-periphery,” where most manufacturing centers are and where standards of living are extremely variable; and the “periphery,” where most raw resources are harvested and people are extremely poor.

“Ecotourism” is a facet of sustainable development that is particularly popular in Costa Rica. The goal of ecotourism is to direct tourists towards threatened and endangered natural regions so as to raise awareness of environmental concerns at the same time as making a profit.

In the poorest parts of the world the vast majority of the population is engaged in primary economic activities like farming, fishing, hunting, and mining. Although there might be some elements of secondary and tertiary economic activities in these countries, the bulk of secondary economic activities are undertaken by countries in the semi-developed world - like Mexico, China, Brazil, and regions of India.

The gross domestic product is one of the chief ways a nation's economy is judged. As its name implies, the GDP is a total accounting of a nation's output, including all expenditures, revenues, and profits. Any average, like the average wage, plays no part in GDP, because GDP measures a complete output by a nation.

The evolution of western economies can be mapped to the growth from primary economic activities to quaternary and quinary economic activities. It is often assumed that this process can be transferred to the developing world, but there have been some notable exceptions that suggest that not all countries will experience the same manner of progression. Primary economic activities are concerned with the harvesting of raw materials - industries like agriculture and mining.

The “back-wash effect” refers to a phenomenon that has been observed on numerous occasions during the process of deindustrialization. It states that as one region of a state flourishes economically it does not necessarily improve the economy of another region, but instead, conversely, diminishes the significance and strength of another region. A classic example of this that is mentioned often is the “Rust Belt” experience of the Midwest.

Countries in the “semi-periphery” are countries that have a standard of living lower than those in the “core,” but much higher than those in the “periphery.” They are almost exclusively centers of manufacturing and exporting. Of these countries, only Vietnam does not qualify as a country in the “semi-periphery.” It is considered to be in the “periphery” due to its low standard of living.

In wealthy countries as much as three-quarters (in a few cases close to a hundred percent) of the population is engaged in tertiary and quaternary economic activities. Due to the nature of the global economy the wealthiest countries can rely on the poorest countries to provide the bulk of their primary economic activities and the semi-developed countries to provide the bulk of their secondary economic activities.

The “fast world,” as distinct from the “slow world,” is defined by high-level telecommunication and transportation technology. Although the other answer choices might be generally true of the differences between “fast world” countries and “slow world” countries they are not as close to the exact definition as the correct answer.

A “footloose company” is not tied to any particular location and can relocate in response to changing economic conditions. All of the products—except diamonds—are either going to cause the companies that produce and sell them to be either market or material oriented. This is because diamonds that are mined are the product that is sold by the company. In other words, there is no assembly required. Subsequently, there is no need to consider the relative merits of locating manufacturing centers closer to raw materials or large markets.

Because it drastically changed economic production, the Industrial Revolution transformed the nature of population distribution. The sweeping changes happened immediately because they were so closely linked to the drastic transformation in factory work. Beginning first and most noticeably in the Northern European nations, people moved more and more to large cities that sprang up inland based on rail networks and industrial centers.

The Industrial Revolution truly took off in England's Midlands, especially around the city of Manchester, after a few technological innovations in the textile industry. These made clothing, which used to be made at home expensively, cheap and easy to attain. This revolution caused new factory jobs to be available and reduced the need for people working on farms, which allowed people to leave the countryside and flock to cities.

The generation of knowledge and the sharing of research are associated with quaternary economic activities. Examples of this include teaching, tourism, and customer service. As the economies of Europe and North America have transitioned away from primary and secondary economic activities the majority of the population has become employed in quaternary or tertiary economic activities.

The Industrial Revolution began in northern England in the first half of the nineteenth century. The Industrial Revolution involved the use of heavy machinery in manufacturing for the first time. It completely altered the social, economic, and political makeup of Europe, and later much of the rest of the world.

Henry Ford invented the Model-T, the first mass-produced automobile. He also popularized the use of assembly lines and mass production. The concept of the assembly line, and the cheap mass production it provides, is closely associated with Ford to the point where it is sometimes called “Fordism.”

Quaternary economic activities include anything that has to do with research, teaching, and development. Other examples include computer and information work, consultancy, and scientific inquiry.