Cell Structures - AP Biology
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The endomembrane system, which is responsible for regulation of protein traffic and performs metabolic functions, consists of what combinations of organelles?
The endomembrane system, which is responsible for regulation of protein traffic and performs metabolic functions, consists of what combinations of organelles?
The endomembrane system consists of the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane. Though the endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes embedded into it, they are not considered a part of the endomembrane system. Also, the mitochondria are responsible for metabolic functions, but it does not remain continuous with the endomembrane system physically or through vesicle transport. Though the endomembrane system does have a structural role, the cytoskeleton and centrosome are not considered in that structural role as they also are not continuous with the endomembrane system.
The endomembrane system consists of the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane. Though the endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes embedded into it, they are not considered a part of the endomembrane system. Also, the mitochondria are responsible for metabolic functions, but it does not remain continuous with the endomembrane system physically or through vesicle transport. Though the endomembrane system does have a structural role, the cytoskeleton and centrosome are not considered in that structural role as they also are not continuous with the endomembrane system.
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Which of the following cellular organelles generates ATP for the cell?
Which of the following cellular organelles generates ATP for the cell?
The mitochondria is often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell because it is the location of cellular respiration cycles (Krebs cycle and electron transport chain). Thus, mitochondria is responsible for providing most of the energy for the cell in the form of ATP.
The mitochondria is often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell because it is the location of cellular respiration cycles (Krebs cycle and electron transport chain). Thus, mitochondria is responsible for providing most of the energy for the cell in the form of ATP.
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of the cell membrane?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the cell membrane?
The Golgi apparatus is located within the cell cytoplasm, not the cell membrane. All other options are true characteristics of the cell membrane.
The Golgi apparatus is located within the cell cytoplasm, not the cell membrane. All other options are true characteristics of the cell membrane.
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Which of the following is a correct description of an organelle's function?
Which of the following is a correct description of an organelle's function?
Chloroplast is the location of photosynthesis, which is the conversion of sunlight energy into chemical energy (in form of chemical bonds). Mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration which is the conversion of chemical energy into ATP. Respiration, or otherwise known as breathing, occurs in the respiratory system. Lysosomes or peroxisomes contain digestive enzyme not the Smooth ER. The Smooth ER is responsible for breaking down of toxins and creation of lipids. The nucleolus is the site of rRNA production for the synthesis of ribosomes which make proteins.
Chloroplast is the location of photosynthesis, which is the conversion of sunlight energy into chemical energy (in form of chemical bonds). Mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration which is the conversion of chemical energy into ATP. Respiration, or otherwise known as breathing, occurs in the respiratory system. Lysosomes or peroxisomes contain digestive enzyme not the Smooth ER. The Smooth ER is responsible for breaking down of toxins and creation of lipids. The nucleolus is the site of rRNA production for the synthesis of ribosomes which make proteins.
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The loss of which organelle would cripple the process of cellular division?
The loss of which organelle would cripple the process of cellular division?
Microtubules make up the spindle apparatus and is responsible for the separation of homologous chromosomes in cell division. Microfilaments make up of actin which is responsible for muscle contraction. Ribosomes help make repairs in the cell and aid in protein synthesis. Nucleus stores DNA and the mitochondria produces ATP. Although all of these play a role in cell division, without microtubules cell division will not occur.
Microtubules make up the spindle apparatus and is responsible for the separation of homologous chromosomes in cell division. Microfilaments make up of actin which is responsible for muscle contraction. Ribosomes help make repairs in the cell and aid in protein synthesis. Nucleus stores DNA and the mitochondria produces ATP. Although all of these play a role in cell division, without microtubules cell division will not occur.
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Where does the electron transport chain occur in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, respectively?
Where does the electron transport chain occur in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, respectively?
Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, do not contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that we might find in a eukaryotic cell. Since we know the electron transport chain (ETC) is important in providing cellular energy, prokaryotes must still perform some form of this process. The complexes of the ETC are found in the actual cellular membrane that separates the cell from the environment in prokaryotes, while they are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are then able to generate a proton gradient between the two mitochondrial membranes within the intermembrane space, while prokaryotes can generate a gradient between the cell membrane and cell wall.
Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, do not contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that we might find in a eukaryotic cell. Since we know the electron transport chain (ETC) is important in providing cellular energy, prokaryotes must still perform some form of this process. The complexes of the ETC are found in the actual cellular membrane that separates the cell from the environment in prokaryotes, while they are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are then able to generate a proton gradient between the two mitochondrial membranes within the intermembrane space, while prokaryotes can generate a gradient between the cell membrane and cell wall.
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Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are defined by a series of differences. Which of the following structures is found in one class of cell, but not the other?
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are defined by a series of differences. Which of the following structures is found in one class of cell, but not the other?
Prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles, so they would not have mitochondria.
Cell walls and plasma membranes are found in both bacteria (prokaryotes) and plants (eukaryotes). Ribosomes are not bound by a membrane, and are mainly composed of rRNA; they are used for protein synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles, so they would not have mitochondria.
Cell walls and plasma membranes are found in both bacteria (prokaryotes) and plants (eukaryotes). Ribosomes are not bound by a membrane, and are mainly composed of rRNA; they are used for protein synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Which structure is present in prokaryotic cells, but not eukaryotic cells?
Which structure is present in prokaryotic cells, but not eukaryotic cells?
In general, prokaryotic cells are smaller and less complex than eukaryotic cells. They lack membrane-bound organelles (such as mitochondria) and contain a nucleoid region instead of a membrane-bound nucleus. They do have ribosomes, but those are small (70S) and composed of one 30S and one 50S subunit. Only eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S. Finally, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are encased in cell membranes.
One difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the organization and storage of genetic material. Both use DNA in the double-helix structure. In eukaryotes, this DNA is stored as chromatin or chromosomes within the nucleus, but in prokaryotes it is stored in a circular bundle known as the nucleoid in the cytoplasm.
In general, prokaryotic cells are smaller and less complex than eukaryotic cells. They lack membrane-bound organelles (such as mitochondria) and contain a nucleoid region instead of a membrane-bound nucleus. They do have ribosomes, but those are small (70S) and composed of one 30S and one 50S subunit. Only eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S. Finally, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are encased in cell membranes.
One difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the organization and storage of genetic material. Both use DNA in the double-helix structure. In eukaryotes, this DNA is stored as chromatin or chromosomes within the nucleus, but in prokaryotes it is stored in a circular bundle known as the nucleoid in the cytoplasm.
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Prokaryotic cells have .
Prokaryotic cells have .
When comparing prokaryotes to eukaryotes, the main fact to remember is that prokaryotes do not contain membrane-bound organelles. This means they have no mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, or endoplasmic reticulum. They also lack a membrane-bound nucleus, although they do have genetic material located in a nucleoid region. Prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane, and some types of bacteria have cell walls as well.
When comparing prokaryotes to eukaryotes, the main fact to remember is that prokaryotes do not contain membrane-bound organelles. This means they have no mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, or endoplasmic reticulum. They also lack a membrane-bound nucleus, although they do have genetic material located in a nucleoid region. Prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane, and some types of bacteria have cell walls as well.
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Which structure could be found in a prokaryotic cell?
Which structure could be found in a prokaryotic cell?
Prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in that they lack any membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Instead, prokaryotic cells simply have an outer plasma membrane, DNA nucleoid structure, and ribosomes.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, and mitochondria are all bound by their own plasma membranes, and are only found in eukaryotic cells. Centrioles are a component of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells, but are not found in prokaryotes.
Prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in that they lack any membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Instead, prokaryotic cells simply have an outer plasma membrane, DNA nucleoid structure, and ribosomes.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, and mitochondria are all bound by their own plasma membranes, and are only found in eukaryotic cells. Centrioles are a component of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells, but are not found in prokaryotes.
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A group of researchers in a laboratory have found what they believe to be an unknown organism. They notice that this organism lacks a nuclear membrane and mitochondria. Using this information, which of the following structures would this organism most likely possess?
A group of researchers in a laboratory have found what they believe to be an unknown organism. They notice that this organism lacks a nuclear membrane and mitochondria. Using this information, which of the following structures would this organism most likely possess?
The organism is likely a prokaryotic organism, since it lacks a nuclear membrane and mitochondria. Prokaryotes lack all membrane-bound organelles, including nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, and lysosomes.
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain ribosomes. Ribosomes are not membrane-bound, and are primarily composed of rRNA. Prokaryotes require ribosomes in order to synthesize proteins.
Cilia are composed of microtubules. While many prokaryotes have cilia, we cannot draw any conclusions without knowing more about the identity of the organism.
The organism is likely a prokaryotic organism, since it lacks a nuclear membrane and mitochondria. Prokaryotes lack all membrane-bound organelles, including nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, and lysosomes.
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain ribosomes. Ribosomes are not membrane-bound, and are primarily composed of rRNA. Prokaryotes require ribosomes in order to synthesize proteins.
Cilia are composed of microtubules. While many prokaryotes have cilia, we cannot draw any conclusions without knowing more about the identity of the organism.
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Which of the following best describes solutions of equal solute concentrations?
Which of the following best describes solutions of equal solute concentrations?
Isotonic is the correct term to describe solutions with equal solute concentrations. The root word "iso" means same; therefore, isotonic solutions have the same concentration of solute. A hypotonic solution will have less solute in it. A hypertonic solution will have a higher concentration of solute between the two solutions.
Isotonic is the correct term to describe solutions with equal solute concentrations. The root word "iso" means same; therefore, isotonic solutions have the same concentration of solute. A hypotonic solution will have less solute in it. A hypertonic solution will have a higher concentration of solute between the two solutions.
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A prokaryotic cell contains which of the following?
A prokaryotic cell contains which of the following?
Prokaryotic cells are simple cells that lack membrane-bound nuclei and complex organelles. Endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, and the Golgi apparatus are unique to eukaryotic cells, and will not be found in prokaryotes. Prokaryotes do, however, contain ribosomes, though smaller than the ribosomes in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are both capable of the main processes of the central dogma: DNA replication, transcription, and translation. For this to be possible, prokaryotes must contain DNA, transcription proteins, RNA, and ribosomes.
Prokaryotic cells are simple cells that lack membrane-bound nuclei and complex organelles. Endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, and the Golgi apparatus are unique to eukaryotic cells, and will not be found in prokaryotes. Prokaryotes do, however, contain ribosomes, though smaller than the ribosomes in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are both capable of the main processes of the central dogma: DNA replication, transcription, and translation. For this to be possible, prokaryotes must contain DNA, transcription proteins, RNA, and ribosomes.
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Which traits pertain to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
I. Contains membrane-bound organelles
II. Undergoes glycolysis
III. Contains ribosomes
IV. Has a cell wall
Which traits pertain to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
I. Contains membrane-bound organelles
II. Undergoes glycolysis
III. Contains ribosomes
IV. Has a cell wall
To compare each trait, consider a bacterium as an example of a prokaryote and a plant or animal cell as an example of a eukaryote.
I. Contains membrane-bound organelles—membrane-bound organelles are a defining characteristic of eukaryotes, and are not found in prokaryotes.
II. Undergoes glycolysis—glycolysis is used by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes as a part of cellular respiration
III. Contains ribosomes—ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. All living cells must be capable of synthesizing proteins in order to function.
IV. Has a cell wall—cell walls are not found in animal cells, but are present in plant cells and bacteria.
Glycolysis, ribosomes, and cell walls can be found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
To compare each trait, consider a bacterium as an example of a prokaryote and a plant or animal cell as an example of a eukaryote.
I. Contains membrane-bound organelles—membrane-bound organelles are a defining characteristic of eukaryotes, and are not found in prokaryotes.
II. Undergoes glycolysis—glycolysis is used by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes as a part of cellular respiration
III. Contains ribosomes—ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. All living cells must be capable of synthesizing proteins in order to function.
IV. Has a cell wall—cell walls are not found in animal cells, but are present in plant cells and bacteria.
Glycolysis, ribosomes, and cell walls can be found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
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What structure can be found in all living cells?
What structure can be found in all living cells?
Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles. This means that they lack a nucleus, mitochondria, and other advanced cell structures.
All cells rely on protein components in order to function. Protein synthesis takes place on ribosomes, which can be found in all cell types. In prokaryotes, ribosomes are free floating the cytoplasm; in eukaryotes, ribosomes can be free floating in the cytoplasm, bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, in mitochondria, or in chloroplasts.
Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles. This means that they lack a nucleus, mitochondria, and other advanced cell structures.
All cells rely on protein components in order to function. Protein synthesis takes place on ribosomes, which can be found in all cell types. In prokaryotes, ribosomes are free floating the cytoplasm; in eukaryotes, ribosomes can be free floating in the cytoplasm, bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, in mitochondria, or in chloroplasts.
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Compartmentalization of DNA within the cell occurs in which of the following cell types?
Compartmentalization of DNA within the cell occurs in which of the following cell types?
Eukaryotic DNA is separated from the rest of the cell in the nucleus, which is surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Bacteria and archaea are both prokaryotes, and thus do not have any membrane-bound organelles. Note that all cells have ribosomes, since they are not membrane-bound.
Eukaryotic DNA is separated from the rest of the cell in the nucleus, which is surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Bacteria and archaea are both prokaryotes, and thus do not have any membrane-bound organelles. Note that all cells have ribosomes, since they are not membrane-bound.
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Which of the following groups include single-celled eukaryotes?
Which of the following groups include single-celled eukaryotes?
Protists consist of single celled eukaryotes and a few closely related multicellular organisms. Plantae contain multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Archaea and Bacteria are all prokaryotic. Examples of a single-celled eukaryotic protist are species of the genus Plasmodium, which cause malaria.
Protists consist of single celled eukaryotes and a few closely related multicellular organisms. Plantae contain multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Archaea and Bacteria are all prokaryotic. Examples of a single-celled eukaryotic protist are species of the genus Plasmodium, which cause malaria.
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Nucleoids are found in .
Nucleoids are found in .
Nucleoids are found in prokaryotic cells. The nucleoid is the area of a cell that contains the DNA, and unlike the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, the nucleoid lacks a membrane to separate the DNA from the rest of the cell. The nucleolus is a structure within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, and is the site of ribosome assembly.
Nucleoids are found in prokaryotic cells. The nucleoid is the area of a cell that contains the DNA, and unlike the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, the nucleoid lacks a membrane to separate the DNA from the rest of the cell. The nucleolus is a structure within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, and is the site of ribosome assembly.
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What structure can be found in prokaryotes, but not in eukaryotes?
What structure can be found in prokaryotes, but not in eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes are devoid of a nucleus, so their genetic material is contained in a specific region called the nucleoid. While not all eukaryotes will have flagella and cell walls, plant cells have cell walls and sperm cells have flagella. Mitochondria are found in eukaryotes, not prokaryotes.
Prokaryotes are devoid of a nucleus, so their genetic material is contained in a specific region called the nucleoid. While not all eukaryotes will have flagella and cell walls, plant cells have cell walls and sperm cells have flagella. Mitochondria are found in eukaryotes, not prokaryotes.
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Which of the following describes the state of genetic material in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following describes the state of genetic material in prokaryotic cells?
The state of genetic material differs between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells contain multiple linear chromosomes, called "true" chromosomes, while prokaryotic cells contain circular DNA molecules that are not true chromosomes, since they lack histones. Prokaryotic DNA molecules have only one copy of each gene and little repetitive and non-coding DNA, contributing to the compact nature of the prokaryotic genome.
The state of genetic material differs between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells contain multiple linear chromosomes, called "true" chromosomes, while prokaryotic cells contain circular DNA molecules that are not true chromosomes, since they lack histones. Prokaryotic DNA molecules have only one copy of each gene and little repetitive and non-coding DNA, contributing to the compact nature of the prokaryotic genome.
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