Cellular Respiration - AP Biology

ATP synthase, the enzyme responsible for ATP production on the inner mitochondrial membrane, depends on the proton gradient produced by the electron transport chain (ETC). If the proton gradient is disrupted, not as many ATP can be produced.

NADH and FADH2 are essential to the function of the electron transport chain as electron donors, and are produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to facilitate this process. Electron donation from these compounds is what fuels the formation of the proton gradient, while decreases in these compounds can cause uncoupling.

Remember that NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers and do not directly create any energy. The movement of the electrons through the electron transport chain also does not create energy directly, but does create a proton gradient that is later used to create energy. The movement of protons down its proton gradient through ATP synthase does, however, generate energy. It actually generates around 30 ATP molecules per one glucose.

In both cellular respiration and photosynthesis, chemiosmosis occurs. Chemiosmosis is the process in which the creation of a proton gradient leads to the transport of proton down its concentration gradient to produce ATP. This occurs in the electron transport chain in both mitochondrias and chloroplast. In the photosynthesis it occurs when the electron is transported from photosystem II to photosystem I.

The most acidic environment, or the lowest pH, would be found in the intermembrane space. This is because as and pass their electrons to the enzymes in the electron transport chain, protons are pumped into the intermembrane space. This is where a high concentration protons is generated, which is considered acidic. The low concentration of protons is generated in the mitochondrial matrix rendering it basic.

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen. It gets reduced by accepting two electrons and two protons from the ATP synthase to form water via the following equation:

Each produces 3 molecules in the electron transport chain while each produces 2 molecules. Each glucose molecule results in the formation of 10 molecules, which go on to produce 30 . Each glucose molecule results in the formation of 2 molecules, which go on to produce 4 . Note that some references may indicate that each produces 2.5 , while each produces 1.5 . These are theoretical maximums and depend on the organism, cell type, and cellular environment.

A total of 38 ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose. 2 ATP from glycolysis, 2 ATP from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 ATP from the electron transport chain. Note that this is a theoretical maximum and is rarely seen in nature.

In electron transport, the energy that is released as electrons flow down a potential energy gradient is coupled to the movement of protons from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. This direction of flow is against the protons' concentration gradient and thus requires energy, which is provided by the spontaneous passage of electron down a potential energy gradient of enzyme complexes.

are the two electron carriers in the Krebs cycle. ATP is the energy compound that is created in respiration. Carbon dioxide is a waste product from the Krebs cycle. Nitrogen is not involved in the Krebs cycle. Oxygen is an electron acceptor, and hydrogen is added to the electron carriers.

The concentration gradient of protons feeds into ATP synthase structure, which creates ATP. Water does not feed into ATP synthase. ADP does not accept the hydrogen to create ATP, rather it is the substrate onto which a phosphate group is added to create ATP. NADH gives up a hydrogen in the electron transport chain to create the concentration gradient. It does not pass through ATP synthase.

The mitochondrion is composed of an outer membrane, matrix, inner membrane and inner membrane space. The components of the electron transport chain, namely the cytochrome proteins and ATP synthase, are arranged on the inner membrane to allow for the movement of protons between the inner membrane space and matrix in order to create ATP.

This is because glucose can net 36 ATP, NADH actually nets 3, FADH2 can net 2, and pyruvate can net 15. This answer involves a careful examination of respiration processes.

The correct answer to this question is oxygen.

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of electrons as they are passed down the electron chain. The electrons move and combine with oxygen to produce . Water and hydrogen are just byproducts of the acceptance of the electron, not the acceptor. The electrons are actually brought to the electron transport chain by carries like and .

The concentration gradient of protons feeds into ATP synthase structure, which creates ATP. Water does not feed into ATP synthase. ADP does not accept the hydrogen to create ATP, rather it is the substrate onto which a phosphate group is added to create ATP. NADH gives up a hydrogen in the electron transport chain to create the concentration gradient. It does not pass through ATP synthase.

Glucose is the primary molecule that heterotrophs use to make energy at a cellular level. Heterotrophs use glucose for a starting material in both fermentation and cellular respiration. However fermentation is performed without oxygen (anaerobic), while cellular respiration requires oxygen as a final electron receptor at the end of the electron transport chain.

Cellular respiration divided into three steps: glycolysis, citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs or TCA cycle), and the electron transport chain (also known as oxidative phosphorylation). While glycolysis takes place in the cytosol, the other two steps occur in the mitochondria.

The major processes that occur in mitochondria are the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. The citric acid cycle forms electron carries that are used in the electron transport chain to reduce oxygen to water and produce ATP.

The mitochondrion is composed of an outer membrane, matrix, inner membrane and inner membrane space. The components of the electron transport chain, namely the cytochrome proteins and ATP synthase, are arranged on the inner membrane to allow for the movement of protons between the inner membrane space and matrix in order to create ATP.

This is because glucose can net 36 ATP, NADH actually nets 3, FADH2 can net 2, and pyruvate can net 15. This answer involves a careful examination of respiration processes.