Ancient Grecian and Roman Sculpture - AP Art History

The Discobolus of Myron depicts a nude male discus thrower poised in the act of hurling the discus. With his head bent down, his knees bent, and his throwing arm extended behind him, the figure is frozen in a dynamic, athletic posture. Unlike later Greek art, Early Classical sculpture was concerned with portraying ideal human form, and the youthful male nude was considered the most beautiful of all the human forms.

Like many Early Classical sculptures, the Discobolus of Myron was made of bronze. While sometimes more difficult to work with than marble, this medium is generally lighter than stone and allowed for more innovative, dynamic postures.

Also known as the Nike of Samothrace, this famous sculpture depicts the Greek deity Nike, goddess of victory. Nike is traditionally depicted with wings, although the sculpture in question is missing not only its right wing but also its head. The sculpture dates to the 2nd century BCE and is currently housed at the Louvre in Paris.

The Etruscans preferred terra cotta over other forms because of the importance to tombs and funeral markers which were made from terra cotta (baked clay). This art form emphasized ornament and display, which was important in their culture along with signifying the importance of the dead.

Like the Venus de Milo, the Winged Victory of Samothrace (c. 190 BCE) is a work that came at the pinnacle of the Hellenistic era. As was customary in this era, the statue depicts a female goddess designed to be visually pleasing regardless of what angle it was viewed from (shown in the round). The Winged Victory of Samothrace also exhibits an elaborate draping of clothing (another hallmark of Hellenistic sculpture); in this case, the clothing looks as if it is being blown by a strong breeze.

Like many Hellenistic statues, the Winged Victory of Samothrace is sculpted from marble. Specifically, its body is made of white marble from Paros, Greece, and its base is made of gray marble from Rhodes, Greece. Iron, tin, and ivory were not common materials for ancient Greece sculpture.

Ancient Greek and Roman statuary was largely based on three concepts: Greco-Roman mythology, statues of political leaders, and exercises on the ideal form. In Greek mythology, Hercules, the half-man, half-god hero, was tasked with various chores to allow him to enter the realm of the gods. One of the most famous ones was that Hercules had to defeat the multiheaded serpent known as the Hydra.

Roman sculpture was originally derived from Greek sculpture, which was highly refined and desired a pleasing aesthetic of minute detail. Roman sculptors took this to another level, by focusing on an extreme realism, which showed every imperfection in their subjects. Romans believed a person sitting for a sculpture portrait wished an honest portrayal that could show their full virility and nobility.

The ancient Greeks saw the male nude form as the ultimate perfection in aesthetics, making it one of the most common subjects of Greek art. One of the key examples of this thought process is "The Dying Gaul," which portrays a dying Gaul, a man who was not Greek, laid out in perfect tension to show his body. This affection for the male nude was picked up by Renaissance and neoclassical artists, as demonstrated by works like Michelangelo's "David."

Based on the figural representation, this sculpture is likely a Greek creation from either the high Classical or Hellenistic period. Take careful note of the nudity, the musculature and the expression on his face, all pointing to Greek dramatic sculpture. That, coupled with the green tinge, suggests the sculpture must be bronze, as that was the material of choice for Greek sculptors.

The piece is Hellenistic, for a number of reasons. First note the hyper-realism of the figure's proportions and body. He is figurally representative of a real man, something the Greeks took pride in. Note also the drama in his face, the anguish of his form. This too would have been connotative of the Hellenistic background of the piece, given the strong desire to depict emotional states in that period. The closest answer, therefore, is the fourth century in Greece.

First take note of the form and composition of the piece. The boxer has correct proportions- he is idealized and athletic. All of the answers allude to this. Take special note, though, of his emotional appearance. He is not stoic, and certainly not sultry. And since the use of bronze is not novel for Hellenistic Greece, the answer must be that he is in anguish, though perfectly moulded.

The piece is most definitely Greek in origin, given its bronze make and athletic depiction of man. The man is idealized and muscular, beautiful after the Hellenistic fashion. Like many of the Greek piece of the time, he is an athlete, meant to demonstrate the power of the human form at its finest. He is not, though, the Discobolus, Greek for discus- thrower.

The Greeks have always been fascinated with the human form, but it isn't until the High Classical period that one begins to see true idealism. There is a fascination with the musculature of man and how he looks in motion. There is a particular interest also in the male form depicted at his most beautiful. In fact, the musculature of the Boxer is impossible; he is flexing opposing muscles while at rest, something a human can't do but sculptors took liberty with in order to demonstrate the idealism in the power of the form.

The work depicts not a god but a man, and therefore would not have been in a temple. His form is athletic and he is nude, as male athletes would likely have been, but would not have been appropriate for an open public space. He's made of bronze and therefore likely too expensive for any patron other than the state. This leaves the gymnasium as a likely home, especially given it was a place of learning and fitness where only men could go.

The Greeks, especially Athenian Greeks, were accepting of practicing male homosexuals as it was often seen as a venture of the stronger sexes with no interference from the women. Athletics especially were a medium of this expression. This translates into Greek art wherein male athletes depict the same homoerotic undertones that would have colored the actual event in much the same way.

High classical sculptors in the Greek tradition were more interested in the male form and its depiction in motion than expressing a particular emotional quality. Statues of the classical tradition were known for their muscular frames but a disinterest in the face. The expression was largely blank, meant to direct focus on the body instead.

The boxer is not carved from stone; he is not carved at all. The sculptor used the lost wax process wherein the piece is made from bronze. Note the green tinge, indication of the oxidation of the metal. This is standard for all Greek pieces (it was the Romans who coped classical works using marble instead of metal).

Most figures in the Greek artistic tradition were nude, especially the men. It was meant not only to demonstrate the form in motion (best seen in the nude) but also as a mark of tradition. Athletes competed nude in Greece, even boxers. The sculptor wouldn't have had a reference as to what he would wear, anyway.