Adaptive Immunity - Anatomy
Card 1 of 148
Which cells are considered lymphocytes?
Which cells are considered lymphocytes?
Tap to reveal answer
Lymphocytes are cells of the adaptive immune system that are mainly found in the lymph. They include the T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Macrophages and dendritic cells are types of phagocytes. Basophils and eosinophils are granulocytes. Neutrophils are considered both a granulocyte and phagocyte.
Lymphocytes are cells of the adaptive immune system that are mainly found in the lymph. They include the T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Macrophages and dendritic cells are types of phagocytes. Basophils and eosinophils are granulocytes. Neutrophils are considered both a granulocyte and phagocyte.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which type of cell secretes antibodies?
Which type of cell secretes antibodies?
Tap to reveal answer
Antibodies are glycoproteins that are secreted by B cells. B cells must be activated by exposure to a specific antigen before they are able to produce antibodies against the antigen it was exposed to. This is part of the adaptive immune system.
Antibodies are glycoproteins that are secreted by B cells. B cells must be activated by exposure to a specific antigen before they are able to produce antibodies against the antigen it was exposed to. This is part of the adaptive immune system.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
The malfunction of which type of cell is believed to be the cause of many autoimmune diseases?
The malfunction of which type of cell is believed to be the cause of many autoimmune diseases?
Tap to reveal answer
Autoimmune diseases result when the body attacks its own cells. Regulatory T cells work to suppress the body's lymphocytes that may react to self antigens. When regulatory T cells are not working properly, lymphocytes that may react with self antigens are able to cause damage and lead to autoimmune disease.
Autoimmune diseases result when the body attacks its own cells. Regulatory T cells work to suppress the body's lymphocytes that may react to self antigens. When regulatory T cells are not working properly, lymphocytes that may react with self antigens are able to cause damage and lead to autoimmune disease.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Where do B cells mature?
Where do B cells mature?
Tap to reveal answer
Tissues of the immune system are classified as central (primary) or peripheral (secondary). Primary tissues include bone marrow and the thymus. Within the bone marrow, B and T cells are generated and B cells mature. In the thymus T cell maturation occurs.
Tissues of the immune system are classified as central (primary) or peripheral (secondary). Primary tissues include bone marrow and the thymus. Within the bone marrow, B and T cells are generated and B cells mature. In the thymus T cell maturation occurs.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Where are T cells generated?
Where are T cells generated?
Tap to reveal answer
Tissues of the immune system are classified as central (primary) or peripheral (secondary). Primary tissues include bone marrow and the thymus. Within the bone marrow B and T cells are generated; B cells also mature here, Whereas T cell maturation occurs in the thymus.
Tissues of the immune system are classified as central (primary) or peripheral (secondary). Primary tissues include bone marrow and the thymus. Within the bone marrow B and T cells are generated; B cells also mature here, Whereas T cell maturation occurs in the thymus.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which cells of the immune system can directly kill a virus-infected cell?
Which cells of the immune system can directly kill a virus-infected cell?
Tap to reveal answer
The adaptive immune system consists of the humoral and cell mediated branches. Humoral immunity protects against extracellular pathogens, while the cell-mediated pathway protects against intracellular pathogens. Cells of the cell mediated branch include T helper cells (CD4+: these cells help B cells and other cells activate so they can do their job) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+: which directly kill infected host cells). Antibodies are not cells.
The adaptive immune system consists of the humoral and cell mediated branches. Humoral immunity protects against extracellular pathogens, while the cell-mediated pathway protects against intracellular pathogens. Cells of the cell mediated branch include T helper cells (CD4+: these cells help B cells and other cells activate so they can do their job) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+: which directly kill infected host cells). Antibodies are not cells.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which of the following correctly lists the antibodies and antigens an person with AB positive blood has?
Which of the following correctly lists the antibodies and antigens an person with AB positive blood has?
Tap to reveal answer
Blood antigens are the proteins markers on the surface of a red blood cell. On an AB positive red blood cell, there is the A marker (antigen), the B marker (antigen) and the Rh marker (antigen). Antibodies are found in the blood plasma, and these bind to foreign antibodies to cause agglutination. People produce antibodies for the antigens they do not have (Rh antibodies are only made after exposure to Rh positive blood). An AB positive person will not have any antibodies, otherwise they would bind to their own red blood cells and cause agglutination.
Blood antigens are the proteins markers on the surface of a red blood cell. On an AB positive red blood cell, there is the A marker (antigen), the B marker (antigen) and the Rh marker (antigen). Antibodies are found in the blood plasma, and these bind to foreign antibodies to cause agglutination. People produce antibodies for the antigens they do not have (Rh antibodies are only made after exposure to Rh positive blood). An AB positive person will not have any antibodies, otherwise they would bind to their own red blood cells and cause agglutination.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which of the following are true, assuming A, B, O blood type compatibility?
I. An Rh positive patient cannot receive blood from an Rh negative donor
II. An Rh negative patient cannot receive blood from an Rh positive donor
III. An Rh negative patient can only receive blood from an Rh negative donor
Which of the following are true, assuming A, B, O blood type compatibility?
I. An Rh positive patient cannot receive blood from an Rh negative donor
II. An Rh negative patient cannot receive blood from an Rh positive donor
III. An Rh negative patient can only receive blood from an Rh negative donor
Tap to reveal answer
We must first assume the two people are A, B, O compatible (ie., both patients are type A). An Rh negative person is negative because they lack the Rh antigen. An Rh positive person does not produce any Rh antibodies or else they would attack their own blood. Therefore, there is no antigen to attack and no antibodies to attack with, so agglutination will not occur.
We must first assume the two people are A, B, O compatible (ie., both patients are type A). An Rh negative person is negative because they lack the Rh antigen. An Rh positive person does not produce any Rh antibodies or else they would attack their own blood. Therefore, there is no antigen to attack and no antibodies to attack with, so agglutination will not occur.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
A 45 year old man has three weeks of diarrhea after returning from his trip abroad. A stool specimen demonstrates a large number of parasitic eggs. In response to this infection, which cell line would you expect to be increased as compared to a non-infected individual?
A 45 year old man has three weeks of diarrhea after returning from his trip abroad. A stool specimen demonstrates a large number of parasitic eggs. In response to this infection, which cell line would you expect to be increased as compared to a non-infected individual?
Tap to reveal answer
Normally, eosinophils are not produced in high quantities in the body except in the face of parasitic infection. They typically constitute only 2% of the total white blood cell count. Eosinophils are classically elevated in response to infection from a parasite. The other cell lines in the answer choices would not be elevated due to a parasitic infection.
Normally, eosinophils are not produced in high quantities in the body except in the face of parasitic infection. They typically constitute only 2% of the total white blood cell count. Eosinophils are classically elevated in response to infection from a parasite. The other cell lines in the answer choices would not be elevated due to a parasitic infection.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the role of plasma cells?
What is the role of plasma cells?
Tap to reveal answer
Plasma cells arise from B-lymphocytes. When a B-lymphocyte's antibody comes in contact with a matching antigen presented by a macrophage, the B-lymphocyte will differentiate into a plasma cell. The plasma cell will then release free antibodies into the blood which can then attach to the pathogens.
Memory B-cells remain latent in the body and differentiate into plasma cells upon reinfection by the same antigen. Neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes have phagocytic properties that allow them to engulf and digest pathogens. Mast cells and basophils secrete histamine to stimulate the inflammatory response. Dendritic cells and some other cell types can present antigens to helper T-cells to initiate an adaptive immune response.
Plasma cells arise from B-lymphocytes. When a B-lymphocyte's antibody comes in contact with a matching antigen presented by a macrophage, the B-lymphocyte will differentiate into a plasma cell. The plasma cell will then release free antibodies into the blood which can then attach to the pathogens.
Memory B-cells remain latent in the body and differentiate into plasma cells upon reinfection by the same antigen. Neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes have phagocytic properties that allow them to engulf and digest pathogens. Mast cells and basophils secrete histamine to stimulate the inflammatory response. Dendritic cells and some other cell types can present antigens to helper T-cells to initiate an adaptive immune response.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Antibodies carry out which of the following functions?
Antibodies carry out which of the following functions?
Tap to reveal answer
Antibodies are part of humoral immunity. The humoral pathway protects against extracellular pathogens. Antibodies are produced and secreted by B lymphocytes (B cells). They recognize free antigens, initiate activation of other immune cells, and coat the antigen for destruction (which may or may not be cellular).
Antibodies are part of humoral immunity. The humoral pathway protects against extracellular pathogens. Antibodies are produced and secreted by B lymphocytes (B cells). They recognize free antigens, initiate activation of other immune cells, and coat the antigen for destruction (which may or may not be cellular).
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which of the following cells plays a key role in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity?
Which of the following cells plays a key role in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity?
Tap to reveal answer
While humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity play different roles in the immune system, both systems require helper T-cells. B-lymphocytes must interact with helper T-cells in order to differentiate into plasma and memory B-cells, initiating the humoral immune response. Helper T-cells are also necessary for activating cytotoxic and suppressor T-cells in cell-mediated immunity.
Basophils are not involved in adaptive immunity of any type; they are responsible for inflammation and certain other processes in innate immunity.
While humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity play different roles in the immune system, both systems require helper T-cells. B-lymphocytes must interact with helper T-cells in order to differentiate into plasma and memory B-cells, initiating the humoral immune response. Helper T-cells are also necessary for activating cytotoxic and suppressor T-cells in cell-mediated immunity.
Basophils are not involved in adaptive immunity of any type; they are responsible for inflammation and certain other processes in innate immunity.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Where do B cells mature?
Where do B cells mature?
Tap to reveal answer
Tissues of the immune system are classified as central (primary) or peripheral (secondary). Primary tissues include bone marrow and the thymus. Within the bone marrow, B and T cells are generated and B cells also mature. T cell maturation occurs in the thymus.
Tissues of the immune system are classified as central (primary) or peripheral (secondary). Primary tissues include bone marrow and the thymus. Within the bone marrow, B and T cells are generated and B cells also mature. T cell maturation occurs in the thymus.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which of the following attaches directly to pathogens to mark them for destruction?
Which of the following attaches directly to pathogens to mark them for destruction?
Tap to reveal answer
Antibodies are produced by plasma cells (mature B-cells) with specific binding affinity for surface proteins that have been presented by antigen-presenting cells, like dendritic cells and macrophages. Once the plasma cell is stimulated by the presence of the specific antigen, it increases production of its antibody. These antibodies enter the blood and bind the antigen molecules on the surface of the pathogen cell. Cytotoxic T-cells and cytokines can then interact with the antibodies to initiate lysis of the infected cell or pathogen.
Antibodies are produced by plasma cells (mature B-cells) with specific binding affinity for surface proteins that have been presented by antigen-presenting cells, like dendritic cells and macrophages. Once the plasma cell is stimulated by the presence of the specific antigen, it increases production of its antibody. These antibodies enter the blood and bind the antigen molecules on the surface of the pathogen cell. Cytotoxic T-cells and cytokines can then interact with the antibodies to initiate lysis of the infected cell or pathogen.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which of the following statements is true?
Which of the following statements is true?
Tap to reveal answer
It helps to think of antigens and antibodies like a lock and key: they are highly specific for one another. B-lymphocytes create only one type of antibody. When this antibody attaches to an antigen presented by a macrophage or antigen-presenting cell, the B-lymphocyte will differentiate with the help of a helper T-cell. The result is replication of the B-lymphocyte to produce more of the same antibody from plasma cells and generate memory B-cells to easily respond in the event of a second infection by the pathogen.
It helps to think of antigens and antibodies like a lock and key: they are highly specific for one another. B-lymphocytes create only one type of antibody. When this antibody attaches to an antigen presented by a macrophage or antigen-presenting cell, the B-lymphocyte will differentiate with the help of a helper T-cell. The result is replication of the B-lymphocyte to produce more of the same antibody from plasma cells and generate memory B-cells to easily respond in the event of a second infection by the pathogen.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
After isotype switching facilitates the production of new serum antibody types by B-cells, an experiment shows that antibodies bind more tightly to pathogens. The researcher conducting the experiment concludes that these new antibodies are more efficient at interrupting infection than were the antibodies produced immediately following initial exposure to the pathogen. Which of the following is the most likely?
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
After isotype switching facilitates the production of new serum antibody types by B-cells, an experiment shows that antibodies bind more tightly to pathogens. The researcher conducting the experiment concludes that these new antibodies are more efficient at interrupting infection than were the antibodies produced immediately following initial exposure to the pathogen. Which of the following is the most likely?
Tap to reveal answer
The question specifies that the antibodies in question are serum antibodies, while IgA is primarily an antibody type secreted into luminal environments. As a result, we can conclude that IgA is not likely to be involved at all in this experiment. Beyond this, you must know that IgM is the type of antibody that is produced upon initial pathogen exposure. After CD4 cells facilitate isotype switching, IgG is produced and demonstrates more robust binding.
The question specifies that the antibodies in question are serum antibodies, while IgA is primarily an antibody type secreted into luminal environments. As a result, we can conclude that IgA is not likely to be involved at all in this experiment. Beyond this, you must know that IgM is the type of antibody that is produced upon initial pathogen exposure. After CD4 cells facilitate isotype switching, IgG is produced and demonstrates more robust binding.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
A scientist is conducting an experiment with a bacterial cell that stimulates an antibody response in mice. The scientist is able to isolate the particular region of the bacterial cell that generates the response and binds to the antibody. This portion of the bacterial cell is best described as the .
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
A scientist is conducting an experiment with a bacterial cell that stimulates an antibody response in mice. The scientist is able to isolate the particular region of the bacterial cell that generates the response and binds to the antibody. This portion of the bacterial cell is best described as the .
Tap to reveal answer
The epitope is the region of a target cell to which an antibody binds. The remaining choices are all structural regions of the antibody itself, as opposed to the target cells to which an antibody binds.
The epitope is the region of a target cell to which an antibody binds. The remaining choices are all structural regions of the antibody itself, as opposed to the target cells to which an antibody binds.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
The immune system has two components: innate (non-specific, which is internal to someone's system from birth) and adaptive (which responds to specific antigens and develops over time). Part of the adaptive system is the humoral system, which involves antibodies. How does the humoral antibody-mediated system work?
The immune system has two components: innate (non-specific, which is internal to someone's system from birth) and adaptive (which responds to specific antigens and develops over time). Part of the adaptive system is the humoral system, which involves antibodies. How does the humoral antibody-mediated system work?
Tap to reveal answer
Skin is an innate external defense barrier and does not involve antibodies. Inflammation and antimicrobial proteins are innate internal defense mechanisms, and are not pathogen-specific. T-lymphocytes are adaptive cell-mediated defense mechanisms. The humoral system, though, is part of the adaptive immune system, which delivers antibodies through blood to fight antigens extracellularly.
Skin is an innate external defense barrier and does not involve antibodies. Inflammation and antimicrobial proteins are innate internal defense mechanisms, and are not pathogen-specific. T-lymphocytes are adaptive cell-mediated defense mechanisms. The humoral system, though, is part of the adaptive immune system, which delivers antibodies through blood to fight antigens extracellularly.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which antibody is able to cross the placenta?
Which antibody is able to cross the placenta?
Tap to reveal answer
IgG is the only class of immunoglobulin that is able to cross the placenta. This is important as this immunoglobulin is able to provide passive immunity to the unborn fetus
IgG is the only class of immunoglobulin that is able to cross the placenta. This is important as this immunoglobulin is able to provide passive immunity to the unborn fetus
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
MHC I is found on which cell types?
MHC I is found on which cell types?
Tap to reveal answer
MHC I is found on all nucleated cells and presents antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These cytotoxic T cells contain CD8 receptors, which binds to MHC I. MHC II cells are found on B-lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells only. MHC II presents antigens to helper T cells, which contain CD4 receptors.
MHC I is found on all nucleated cells and presents antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These cytotoxic T cells contain CD8 receptors, which binds to MHC I. MHC II cells are found on B-lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells only. MHC II presents antigens to helper T cells, which contain CD4 receptors.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →